Demonstrating effectiveness--the concept of numbers-needed-to-treat.

Abstract:

:When assessing a health-care intervention the main question is--does it work? Often, a more difficult question needs to be answered--how well does it work? Systematic reviews and meta-analyses help to provide answers to both questions. Too often though, the results are expressed in a way that leaves the reader asking, 'what is the result?' Numbers-needed-to-treat is a simple method for conveying the answers. It can be applied to any chosen clinical outcome with dichotomous data, and the results can be understood by doctor, patient and the public. This paper discusses the concept of numbers-needed-to-treat and gives worked examples using trials in H. pylori eradication and lowering of serum cholesterol.

journal_name

J Clin Pharm Ther

authors

Wiffen PJ,Moore RA

doi

10.1046/j.1365-2710.1996.89275892.x

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1996-02-01 00:00:00

pages

23-7

issue

1

eissn

0269-4727

issn

1365-2710

journal_volume

21

pub_type

杂志文章,评审
  • Fenofibrate-induced hepatotoxicity: A case with a special feature that is different from those in the LiverTox database.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:We report a special case of fenofibrate-induced acute severe DILI with sudden onset and rapid recovery, which is different from those in the LiverTox database. CASE SUMMARY DESCRIPTION:The acute severe DILI occurred within only 4 days after fenofibrate initial treatment for hypertriglycerid...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type:

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.13042

    authors: Ma S,Liu S,Wang Q,Chen L,Yang P,Sun H

    更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00

  • Comparison of single-point phenytoin dosage prediction techniques.

    abstract::To dose the anticonvulsant phenytoin (PHT) in a clinical situation is difficult because of the non-linear metabolism of the drug. Therefore many techniques have been advocated to aid dosage adjustments based on a single-point PHT concentration determined at steady-state (ss). We retrospectively investigated six method...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.1988.tb00196.x

    authors: Yukawa E,Higuchi S,Ohtsubo K,Aoyama T

    更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of claritromycin on inflammatory parameters and clinical conditions in children with bronchiectasis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The effects of the macrolides cannot be ascribed to their antibacterial action alone. Their immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory functions are significant too. They are frequently used in the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis and cystic fibrosis (CF). AIM:To evaluate the effects of a macrolide antibio...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00708.x

    authors: Yalçin E,Kiper N,Ozçelik U,Doğru D,Firat P,Sahin A,Ariyürek M,Mocan G,Gürcan N,Göçmen A

    更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00

  • Antiretroviral treatment leading to secondary trimethylaminuria: Genetic associations and successful management with riboflavin.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:Trimethylaminuria is a metabolic disorder characterized by excessive excretion of trimethylamine in body fluids following FMO3 gene mutations. Secondary forms of the disease may be due to consumption of trimethylamine precursor-rich foods or metabolism of some xenobiotics. CASE SUMMARY:A HI...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type:

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.13315

    authors: Scimone C,Alibrandi S,Donato L,Giofrè SV,Rao G,Sidoti A,D'Angelo R

    更新日期:2020-11-28 00:00:00

  • Severe toxic effects of low-dose methotrexate treatment for placenta accreta in a patient with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutations.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:Low-dose methotrexate (LDMTX) has been widely used for many decades in clinical settings, with good safety profiles compared with those of high-dose methotrexate. LDMTX is also used as one of the off-label conservative therapies in treating placenta accreta (PA). Until now, only a few mild a...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type:

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.13050

    authors: Tan Z,Liu W,Guo H,Hu K,Zhao R

    更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00

  • Population pharmacokinetic study of gentamicin and a Bayesian approach in patients with renal impairment.

    abstract::A population pharmacokinetic study was conducted on a total of 70 patients receiving gentamicin therapy. The patients included those with normal renal function and those with varying degrees of renal impairment. The parameters studied were the apparent volume of distribution and the plasma clearance of gentamicin. The...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.1989.tb00240.x

    authors: Lanao JM,Berrocal A,Calvo MV,Perez M,de la Calle B,Domínguez-Gil A

    更新日期:1989-06-01 00:00:00

  • Patient preferences for healthcare delivery through community pharmacy settings in the USA: A discrete choice study.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:In order to improve public health, it is necessary to facilitate patients' easy access to affordable high-quality primary health care, and one enhanced approach to do so may be to provide primary healthcare services in the community pharmacy setting. Discrete choice experiments to evaluate p...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12574

    authors: Feehan M,Walsh M,Godin J,Sundwall D,Munger MA

    更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00

  • Population analysis for the optimization of digoxin treatment in Japanese paediatric patients.

    abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Information about the pharmacokinetics of digoxin in paediatric patients is limited. We therefore aimed to investigate the effects of physiological factors on the digoxin clearance in Japanese paediatric patients. METHOD:We used routinely collected therapeutic drug monitoring data (n=544), de...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.1999.00221.x

    authors: Suematsu F,Minemoto M,Yukawa E,Higuchi S

    更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00

  • Comparison between anti-VEGF therapy and corticosteroid or laser therapy for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: A meta-analysis.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:Therapeutic effects of anti-VEGF agents, corticosteroids and laser therapy have been previously examined for treating macular oedema secondary to branch and central retinal vein occlusion (BRVO and CRVO). However, anti-VEGF efficacy has not been previously compared to corticosteroid or laser...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12551

    authors: Qian T,Zhao M,Xu X

    更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00

  • On clinical thresholds, clinical equivalents and indirect comparisons of biological treatments for moderate-to-severe psoriasis.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:To assess the equivalent efficacy of two or more treatments, clinical relevance must be adequately established, but there appears to be some confusion between clinical relevance and differences in absolute risk reduction or effect size, which quantifies the size of the difference between two...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12243

    authors: Puig L

    更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00

  • Ceftriaxone-associated renal toxicity in adults: a case report and recommendations for the management of such cases.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Ceftriaxone-associated urolithiasis and post-renal acute renal failure (PARF) in adults is exceedingly rare and perhaps underappreciated. We report one such case to increase appreciation of this risk ...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type:

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12358

    authors: Shen-Hua W,Fan-Yi M,Qing-Ling Z,Li-Na Z,Li-Jun M

    更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00

  • Compatibility of ropivacaine with morphine, sufentanil, fentanyl, or clonidine.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Ropivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) ('Naropin') is a long-acting local anaesthetic agent, administered epidurally to patients undergoing various surgical procedures. A combination of local anaesthetic and opioid is often administered for the management of severe pain to ensure that a minimal dose of each is used...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2002.00386.x

    authors: Oster Svedberg K,McKenzie J,Larrivee-Elkins C

    更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00

  • Compliance measure development and assessment of theophylline therapy in ambulatory patients.

    abstract::The objectives of this study were: (a) to develop a drug serum level-based compliance measure which incorporated pharmacokinetic analysis of patient and drug parameters and to compare it to refill records, an indirect measure, and (b) to use that measure to determine whether pharmacist consultation increased complianc...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:

    authors: De Tullio PL,Kirking DM,Arslanian C,Olson DE

    更新日期:1987-02-01 00:00:00

  • Retrospective audit of antimicrobial prescribing practices for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases in a large regional hospital.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and frequent exacerbations are associated with an increased risk of death, deterioration in lung function and reduced quality of life. Current Australian guidelines developed by the Lung Foun...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12514

    authors: Brownridge DJ,Zaidi STR

    更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00

  • Computerized pharmaceutical intervention to reduce reconciliation errors at hospital discharge in Spain: an interrupted time-series study.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:It is well known that medication reconciliation at discharge is a key strategy to ensure proper drug prescription and the effectiveness and safety of any treatment. Different types of interventions to reduce reconciliation errors at discharge have been tested, many of which are based on the ...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12365

    authors: García-Molina Sáez C,Urbieta Sanz E,Madrigal de Torres M,Vicente Vera T,Pérez Cárceles MD

    更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00

  • A pharmacokinetic study on two sustained-release formulations of indomethacin in normal subjects following a single dose administration.

    abstract::A single dose pharmacokinetic study was conducted on two sustained-release formulations (75 mg) of indomethacin (Indocid capsules 'A' and Indogesic tablets 'B'). The study was carried out on 22 healthy male volunteers, who received a single oral dose (75 mg) of each product according to a randomized crossover design. ...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.1994.tb00816.x

    authors: Hasan MM,Najib NM,Muti HY

    更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00

  • Radical scavenging activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids and traditional prophylactics against chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Oral mucositis is a major severe toxic side-effect of systemic chemotherapy and irradiation in patients with cancer. Various free radical scavengers have been shown to prevent chemotherapy-induced skin necrosis. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of a bisbenzy...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00993.x

    authors: Kaji H,Inukai Y,Maiguma T,Ono H,Teshima D,Hiramoto K,Makino K

    更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00

  • A study of patients' self-interpretation of prescription instructions.

    abstract::This study examined out-patients' interpretation of prescription instructions at a community hospital. The results showed a wide range of misinterpretation with respect to drug name, dose schedule, and auxiliary labels. Age level, education and financial status emerged as the most significant variables associated with...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.1992.tb01280.x

    authors: Sarriff A,Aziz NA,Hassan Y,Ibrahim P,Darwis Y

    更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00

  • Population pharmacokinetics of erlotinib in Japanese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib in Japanese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to investigate the relationship between erlotinib exposure and the occurrence of interstitial lung disease (ILD)-like events. METHODS:Population pharmaco...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12232

    authors: Emoto-Yamamoto Y,Iida S,Kawanishi T,Fukuoka M

    更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00

  • Comparison of topiroxostat and allopurinol in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, parallel-group study.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:There are no clinical reports that have compared topiroxostat, a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor, with allopurinol in serum urate-lowering efficacy. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of topiroxostat and allopurinol in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or wi...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12391

    authors: Hosoya T,Ogawa Y,Hashimoto H,Ohashi T,Sakamoto R

    更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00

  • Evaluation of pregabalin-induced adverse events related to falls using the FDA adverse event reporting system and Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report databases.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:Pregabalin is used for neuropathic and postherpetic pain and generalized anxiety. The aim of this study was to obtain the onset profiles of adverse events (AE) related to falls (AEFs) such as "somnolence," "dizziness," "loss of consciousness" and "fall" onset and several clinical factor comb...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12790

    authors: Mukai R,Hasegawa S,Umetsu R,Nakao S,Shimada K,Uranishi H,Masuta M,Suzuki H,Nishibata Y,Nakamura M

    更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00

  • Study of microbial contamination and dosing accuracy of oral dispensers.

    abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:The optimal administration of liquid medications requires accurate dose delivery. This is particularly important in the treatment of infants and children, as well as elderly people, who are more sensitive to dosage errors. Previous studies revealed significant dosage inaccuracies with measuring...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01082.x

    authors: Dockhorn S,Feuersenger D,Schuenemann S,Knauf B,Duerr S,Schubert-Zsilavecz M,Abdel-Tawab M

    更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00

  • Usefulness of forced diuresis for acute boric acid poisoning in an adult.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Boric acid is generally not recognized as a poisonous substance. However, boric acid has potentially fatal actions such as hypotension, metabolic acidosis and oliguria. Death may result from circulation collapse and shock. OBJECTIVE:We present a clinical case history of the successful use of forced diuresis...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00365.x

    authors: Teshima D,Taniyama T,Oishi R

    更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00

  • Trends in pharmacists' medication order review in French hospitals from 2006 to 2009: analysis of pharmacists' interventions from the Act-IP© website observatory.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVES:The French Society of Clinical Pharmacy has developed a website, named Act-IP©, enabling hospital pharmacists to document and analyse pharmacists' interventions (PIs) proposed during medication order review when a drug-related problem is detected. This study analyses PIs documented in Act-I...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12214

    authors: Bedouch P,Sylvoz N,Charpiat B,Juste M,Roubille R,Rose FX,Bosson JL,Conort O,Allenet B,French Society of Clinical Pharmacy's Act-IP© Group.

    更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00

  • Efficacy of adjuvant dexmedetomidine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block for intractable complex regional pain syndrome: A case report with a 3-year follow-up.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:Pain management for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is challenging. When added to local anaesthetics, dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of the block and improves analgesia. The effect of long-term dexmedetomidine use in the brachial plexus block (BPB) for CRPS is unknown. CASE DES...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type:

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.13063

    authors: Kang SH,Sim WS,Park HJ,Moon JY,Seon HJ,Lee JY

    更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00

  • Prescribing pattern in a Dutch university hospital.

    abstract::In many countries, including The Netherlands, little is known about the overall prescribing patterns within hospitals. While individual hospitals have some data available, these are not pooled on a regional or national level. The available data consist of dispensing data that are neither patient-linked nor diagnosis-l...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.1991.tb00332.x

    authors: Denig P,Haaijer-Ruskamp FM,Versluis A,Wesseling H

    更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00

  • Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome related to the interaction between oral budesonide with fluvoxamine: a case report.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:Budesonide, an oral glucocorticoid indicated for the treatment of Crohn's disease, rarely interferes with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis because more than 80% of it is metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes. CASE SUMMARY:A 33-year-old female patient diagnosed with Crohn's disease, ...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type:

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12312

    authors: Martin CS,Blaga C,Lambrescu IM,Fierbințeanu-Braticevici C,Fica S

    更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00

  • Appropriateness of antiviral prescribing for influenza in primary care: a retrospective analysis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Antiviral medications cost-effectively reduce influenza-related morbidity and potentially mortality. We sought to assess the appropriateness of antiviral prescribing for influenza. METHOD:We performed a retrospective analysis of visits by adults to primary care clinics during influenza seasons...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00731.x

    authors: Linder JA,Chan JC,Bates DW

    更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00

  • A randomized phase I comparative pharmacokinetic study comparing SB5 with reference adalimumab in healthy volunteers.

    abstract:WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE:SB5 is a biosimilar to the reference adalimumab (ADL) currently in development. The primary study objective was to demonstrate pharmacokinetic (PK) equivalence of SB5 to European Union-sourced adalimumab (EU-ADL), and United States-sourced adalimumab (US-ADL) in healthy subjects. Safety, tol...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1111/jcpt.12583

    authors: Shin D,Lee Y,Kim H,Körnicke T,Fuhr R

    更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00

  • Population pharmacokinetic investigation of digoxin in Japanese neonates.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To establish the role of patient characteristics in estimating doses of digoxin for neonates using routine therapeutic drug monitoring data. METHOD:The steady-state blood level data (n = 129) after repetitive oral administration in 71 hospitalized neonates were analysed using Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modellin...

    journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00833.x

    authors: Yukawa E,Akiyama K,Suematsu F,Yukawa M,Minemoto M

    更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00