Abstract:
:The three modern "faces" of mercury are our perceptions of risk from the exposure of billions of people to methyl mercury in fish, mercury vapor from amalgam tooth fillings, and ethyl mercury in the form of thimerosal added as an antiseptic to widely used vaccines. In this article I review human exposure to and the toxicology of each of these three species of mercury. Mechanisms of action are discussed where possible. Key gaps in our current knowledge are identified from the points of view both of risk assessment and of mechanisms of action.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Clarkson TWdoi
10.1289/ehp.02110s111subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-02-01 00:00:00pages
11-23eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924pii
sc271_5_1835journal_volume
110 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Atlantic coast estuaries recently have experienced fish kills and fish with lesions attributed to Pfiesteria piscicida and related dinoflagellates. Human health effects have been reported from laboratory exposure and from a 1997 Maryland fish kill. North Carolina has recorded Pfiesteria-related fish kill events over t...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0110921
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical use of polymeric materials in the body to repair and restore damaged or diseased tissues and organs is substantially increasing on an annual basis. Concomitant with this use is an increase in materials related research on medically used polymers. Information on the historical and current clinical use of p...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.751171
更新日期:1975-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure of the scallop Placopecten magellanicus to 20 ppb Cd2+ in seawater for 7 weeks results in a 7-fold increase in the kidney cytosol content of Cd and 5-fold increase in Zn. Sephadex G-75 column chromatography of the kidney cytosol showed that most of the Cd and Zn were bound to a protein complex with an estimat...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8665199
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Erythropoietic cells in bone marrow are vulnerable to cytotoxic substances. There are three types of erythroid precursors: cells that can take up Fe but do not proliferate (reticulocytes), those that can take up Fe and proliferate (normoblasts and pronormoblasts), and those cells that do not take up Fe but can prolife...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.813929
更新日期:1981-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cooking, heat processing, or pyrolysis of protein-rich foods induce the formation of a series of structurally related heterocyclic aromatic bases that have been found to be mutagens. The primary genetic assay utilized to detect and isolate these mutagens has been the his reversion assay in Salmonella typhimurium. The ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.866793
更新日期:1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heightened concern over endocrine-disrupting chemicals is driven by the hypothesis that they could reduce reproductive success and affect wildlife populations, but there is little evidence for this expectation. The pharmaceutical ethynylestradiol (EE2) is a potent endocrine modulator and is present in the aquatic envi...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7209
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban documents a consensus of more than 200 scientists and medical professionals on the hazards of and lack of demonstrated benefit from common uses of triclosan and triclocarban. These chemicals may be used in thousands of personal care and consumer products as well as ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP1788
更新日期:2017-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::To assess levels of chlorinated contaminants in breast milk, we measured organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in breast milk samples collected in 1994 according to the World Health Organization protocol from 92 donors...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106797
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::To examine the effects of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on gonadal sex differentiation, genetically male tadpoles of Rana rugosa were exposed to dilute solutions of DBP at concentrations of 0.1, 1, or 10 microM during days 19-23 after fertilization, which is the critical period of gonadal sex differentiation in R. rugosa. T...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.001081189
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Environmental health is a subject that has only relatively recently become prominent in the social consciousness. Even as its significance becomes known, finding ways to integrate the subject into education for primary and secondary students is difficult because of federal testing requirements under the No Child Left ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.112-a814
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Pesticides have been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), but there are few data on important exposure characteristics such as dose-effect relations. It is unknown whether associations depend on clinical PD subtypes. OBJECTIVES:We examined quantitative aspects of occupational pesticide exposure associa...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1307970
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Green spaces have been associated with both health benefits and risks in children; however, available evidence simultaneously investigating these conflicting influences, especially in association with different types of greenness, is scarce. OBJECTIVES:We aimed to simultaneously evaluate health benefits and...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1308038
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, it has become apparent that minerals can trigger alterations in gene expression by initiating signaling events upstream of gene transactivation. These cascades may be initiated at the cell surface after interaction of minerals with the plasma membrane either through receptorlike mechanisms or integrin...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s51121
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Thyroid hormones are important regulators of brain development. During critical periods of development, even transient disorders in thyroid hormone availability may lead to profound neurologic impairment. Animal experiments have shown that certain environmental pollutants, including heavy metals and organoch...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.10486
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enhanced transport of trace metal in porous media can occur in the presence of a ligand or "carrier" that has a high affinity for binding the pollutant, is dispersed and mobile in the soil environment, is recalcitrant with respect to microbial degradation, and is acceptable to the public. These aspects of the facilita...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s153
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report updates the risk assessment by Crump and Allen for benzene-induced leukemia that was based on a cohort exposed to benzene in the manufacture of Pliofilm. The present study derives new risk estimates using data from follow-up through 1987 (whereas the earlier assessment only had follow-up available through ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.961041437
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is widespread concern regarding the safety of silver-mercury amalgam dental restorations, yet little evidence to support their harm or safety. We examined whether mercury dental amalgams are adversely associated with cognitive functioning in a cross-sectional sample of healthy working adults. We studied 550 adul...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.5879
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of global change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning encompass multiple complex dynamic processes. Climate change and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are currently regarded as two of the most serious anthropogenic threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. We should, therefore, be espe...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.8057
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The carcinogenic properties of selected metals and their compounds are reviewed to provide a useful reference for existing knowledge on relationships between physical and chemical forms, kinetics and carcinogenic potential and between epidemiology, bioassays, and short-term tests. Extensive consideration is given to a...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.9195157
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect body mass index (BMI) and other components of cardiometabolic (CM) risk during childhood, but evidence is scarce and inconsistent. OBJECTIVES:We estimated associations between prenatal PFAS exposures and outcomes relevant to cardiometabolic risk, including a compo...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP1330
更新日期:2017-09-20 00:00:00
abstract::Beginning approximately 4 years after the Chernobyl nuclear accident a steady increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer was observed in children and adolescents of the Bryansk Oblast, which received the highest level of radionuclide contaminants in Russia. We examined the spatial relationship between the residence l...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s61491
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) may contribute to premature mortality, but few studies to date have addressed this topic. OBJECTIVES:In this study we assessed the association between TRAP and mortality in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. METHODS:We collected nitrogen dioxide samples over ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.11533
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is necessary but not sufficient to develop laboratory animal models in sensory behavioral toxicology for screening toxic substances and for the analysis of sensory impairment at threshold levels of stimulation. It is important to develop more thorough and quantitative tests of impairment which in their greater comp...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.824477
更新日期:1982-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pollen of Impatiens sultanii Hook F. germinates and forms tubes rapidly at 25 degrees C in a simple medium containing 111.0 ppm CaCl2, 13.6 ppm KH2PO4, and 1000 ppm boric acid. Calcium, potassium, and boron are essential for germination and tube growth, but sucrose is not required. Pollen tubes grow with equal rapidit...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.813795
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most published environmental remediation interventions have been directed at single allergens and have employed demanding strategies; few have been performed in the homes of inner-city children disproportionately burdened by asthma. Our objective was a) to describe the allergen sensitivities, environmental tobacco smo...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.02110939
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In August 1997 we performed a follow-up survey of 146 lead-poisoned children from a community near a previously active auto battery recycling smelter in Haina near Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Our follow-up survey confirmed a severe incidence of elevated blood lead (BPb) and erythrocyte protoporphyrin/zinc proto...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.99107917
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Most research on walking for transport has focused on the walkability of residential neighborhoods, overlooking the contribution of places of work/study and the ease with which destinations outside the immediate neighborhood can be accessed, referred to as regional accessibility. OBJECTIVES:We aimed to exam...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP3395
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Factors affecting the design of an epidemiologic study assessing possible health effects from chemical waste disposal sites are reviewed. Such epidemiologic studies will most likely be prompted either by a known release of chemicals into the environment around the site, or by an unusual disease cluster in a population...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.8562423
更新日期:1985-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Prenatal and early-life periods may be critical windows for harmful effects of air pollution on infant health. OBJECTIVES:We studied the association of air pollution exposure during pregnancy and the first year of life with respiratory illnesses, ear infections, and eczema during the first 12-18 months of a...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1205281
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:World Trade Center (WTC) rescue and recovery workers were exposed to a complex mix of pollutants and carcinogens. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate cancer incidence in responders during the first 7 years after 11 September 2001. METHODS:Cancers among 20,984 consented participants ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1205894
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00