A natural history of "agonist".

abstract：:Judgments of futility are always relative to some goal. In light of that proposition, continued treatment for those diagnosed as "brain dead" is not necessarily futile. ...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Miller FG

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Popular fiction responds to, and may exacerbate, public anxieties in ways that more highbrow literary texts may not. Robin Cook's 1977 novel Coma exemplifies the ways in which medical thrillers participate in the public discourse about health care. Written shortly after the medical establishment promoted "irreversible...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Belling C

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the period of "classical genetics" (roughly 1915-950), the common view of the gene was mechanistic--hat is, genes were seen as individual, atomistic units, as material components of the chromosomes. Although it was recognized early on that genes could interact and influence each other's expression, they were still ...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Allen GE

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this essay we link the rationale for the medical humanities with radical hermeneutics, a move that infuses the medical humanities with incredulity and suspicion. This orientation is particularly important at this historical moment, when the evidence-based and competency blanket is threatening to overpower all aspec...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Wear D,Aultman JM

更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper reexamines the recent case of the conjoined twins from Malta. Survival was said to be possible only through separation, which would actually leave only one twin alive. The parents refused to allow the killing of one to save the other, but the court ruled that this would amount to the neglect of innocent lif...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Barilan YM

更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The concept and determination of death by neurological or cardio-circulatory criteria play a crucial role for medical practice, society, and the law. Academic debates on death determination have regained momentum, and recent cases involving the neurological determination of death ("brain death") in the United States h...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Racine E,Jox RJ,Bernat JL,Dabrock P,Gardiner D,Marckmann G,Rid A,Rodriguez-Arias D,Schmitten RI,Schöne-Seifert B

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:How will developments in genetic knowledge affect the classification of disease? Leaders in genetics have suggested that knowledge of the role of genes in disease can determine nosology. Diseases might be defined by genotype, thus avoiding the limitations of more empirical approaches to categorization. Other commentat...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Miller FA,Begbie ME,Giacomini M,Ahern C,Harvey EA

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The traditional forms of public health law were directed largely toward communicable diseases and other externalities, such as pollution, with negative health impacts. The more modern view treats any health issue that affects large numbers of individuals as one of public health, which would include such problems as ob...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Epstein RA

更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCTs) may be possible, permissible, and practical in certain circumstances, but ethical or practical considerations often preclude their utilization. In many such cases, ethical objections will not apply to a similarly oriented, prospective, matched-pair observational study. Add...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Kowalski CJ

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:While the necessity of normalizing surgery on intersexed individuals is a topic of ongoing debate in the 21st century, the origins of surgery as a therapeutic practice for ambiguous or unusual genitalia lie in the 19th century. The first report of corrective surgery published in the United States appeared in the Ameri...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Matta C

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:How we discovered that sea birds on the Great Barrier Reef are riddled with influenza viruses, and how one of these led to a new drug now being used in the battle against the flu. ...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Laver WG

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article describes the origins and drafting of the Belmont Report by members of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. ...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Beauchamp TL

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is a need in our society to raise the national consciousness about aging, health, and the prospects for longevity, so that many more persons take responsibility for their personal health and understand what we will need in an era of health-care reform to promote health across the life course. We address this imp...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Hamerman D,Fried LP

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article outlines a Darwinian approach to sports that takes into account its profoundly cultural character and thereby overcomes the traditional nature-culture dichotomies in the sociology of sport. We argue that there are good reasons to view sports as culturally evolved signaling systems that serve a function si...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： De Block A,Dewitte S

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Social media use in modern medicine is fraught with ethical dilemmas and risks of unprofessional behavior. This essay surveys the existing literature on the possibilities and pitfalls of social media use by health-care professionals and concludes that non-engagement with social media is not an option. A mindful approa...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Frischtak H,Sinha P

更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The incidence of brain tumors is rising in children and the elderly, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying brain tumor initiation and progression. In the 1940s, Zimmerman and coworkers exploited the tumor-promoting potential of polycyclic hydrocarbons to produce brain tumor models in adult mice that simu...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Seyfried TN

更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Metaphysics is an essential part of philosophy of medicine, providing the background for further methodological work. Current accounts of the ontology of particular diseases may be classified as realist or anti-realist. Because strong arguments can be marshaled by both of these positions, an approach to medical ontolo...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Simon JR

更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fifty years after Beecher's landmark article, an old question is being debated anew: is it ethical to conduct clinical research without consent? This paper provides a systematic analysis of this question. First, it describes five clinical trials that have either been conducted (or proposed) without the subjects provid...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Kim SY

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As part of a mid-1940s malaria research program, U.S. Public Health Service researchers working in South Carolina chose to withhold treatment from a group of subjects while testing the efficacy of a new insecticide. Research during World War II had generated new tools to fight malaria, including the insecticide DDT an...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Slater L,Humphreys M

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The organism, like the molecule, the cell, and the species, is one of the fundamental levels in our hierarchical classification of life and its components. The units ranked at these levels, being concrete, particular things, are individuals in the broadest philosophical sense. But in a much narrower and more familiar ...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Ghiselin MT

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The term innovation is frequently used as a justification for allowing clinicians to offer unproven autologous stem cell-based interventions (SCBIs) to their patients. Proponents of this kind of innovation (which we refer to as "clinical innovation") argue that physicians should be free to administer whatever interven...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Lipworth W,Stewart C,Kerridge I

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This is a daunting time, not only in terms of our public health and our economic health but also in terms of the health of the republic. It is an old theme that any form of popular government needs virtuous citizens if it is to survive. It also needs citizens to agree on what counts as a virtue. I fear that the pandem...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Brudney D

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the beginning of the 21st century, the living conditions of undocumented migrant workers in Belgium have deteriorated drastically. In Brussels, after various social actions, undocumented people began squatting and occupying public buildings to make their struggle visible to society. Desperate, some seized the po...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Vanobberghen R,Louckx F,Depoorter AM,Devroey D,Vandevoorde J

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The concept of placebo has evolved over time. Generally believed to be the basis of the premodern pharmacopoeia, the placebo has been adopted in practice as a harmless but unscientific approach towards alleviating symptoms. Currently, many medical scientists view placebos pejoratively as confounding elements in the an...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Kradin RL

更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The treatment of broken bones has long adhered to principles of tight juxtaposition of fracture ends and of strict rest. Splinting and casting with plaster of Paris helped considerably. Attempts at internal splinting with pegs, bolts, or stabilizing contraptions usually failed. Foreign materials were either not biocom...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Pierach CA

更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Iraqi detainees subjected to torture and mistreatment at Abu Ghraib prison may continue to suffer from significant physical and psychological consequences of their abuse. This article reports two cases of Iraqi individuals allegedly tortured at Abu Ghraib. Detailed forensic evaluations were conducted approximately one...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Keller AS

更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over time, contemporary writing becomes part of the historical record. In medicine, it is an important learning tool, particularly for understanding the experience and context of disease and illness. Although a century has elapsed since the fictional events on a single day described in James Joyce's Ulysses, the work ...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Shanahan F,Quigley EM

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Of all the principles set out by Flexner in 1910, the most fundamental, that of academic and scientific excellence, is more relevant to medical education in the United Kingdom today than ever before. To realize this, undergraduate medical education (UGME) at Oxford has evolved to incorporate the tutorial method of tea...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Fleming KA

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biologists use models in two distinct ways that have not been clearly articulated. A model may be used either as an exemplar of a larger group, or as a surrogate for a specific target. Zebrafish serve as an exemplary model of vertebrates in developmental biology; rodents are both exemplary vertebrates and specific sur...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Bolker JA

更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human beings rely on metaphor as a primary cognitive device for interpreting the world around them. Metaphors figure especially strongly in discourse around health, illness, and medicine. It is not just that patients use metaphors to describe their personal experience of being unwell, or that medical professionals emp...

journal_title：Perspectives in biology and medicine

authors： Hanne M

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00