Abstract：
:The objective of this study was to evaluate an alternative mucosal irritation test using the slug Arion lusitanicus as test organism. The effect of 28 reference substances on the mucosal tissue of the slugs was determined by the amount of mucus produced, the reduction in body weight, and the release of proteins from the body wall. The data of the mucosal irritation test were compared with the available in vivo Draize scores for eye irritation (MMAS). The amount of mucus produced and the reduction in body weight caused by a 60-min contact period were significantly correlated (r = 0.73) with the MMAS score for eye irritation. However, the mucus production was the best endpoint to classify the chemicals into the three categories corresponding the EU classification (NI, R36, and R41). Since irritating alcohols did not induce an increased mucus production and therefore the irritation potential of these molecules was underestimated, two prediction models were developed. For nonalcohols a 60-min contact period with the chemicals was sufficient and the molecules were classified according to the amount of mucus produced. A concordance, specificity, and sensitivity of 65, 100 and 83%, respectively, was obtained. For the alcohols a second 60-min contact period was necessary and the molecules were classified using the protein release as endpoint. Ninety-one percent of the alcohols were correctly classified with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. We can conclude that the mucosal irritation test using slugs seems to be a reliable and promising method for the evaluation of the irritation potential of drugs instead of diverse tests using different animal models to estimate the irritation on human mucosal tissues.
journal_name
Toxicol Appl Pharmacoljournal_title
Toxicology and applied pharmacologyauthors
Adriaens E,Remon JPdoi
10.1006/taap.2002.9444subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-07-15 00:00:00pages
169-75issue
2eissn
0041-008Xissn
1096-0333pii
S0041008X02994445journal_volume
182pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Puerarin is a natural product isolated from Puerarin lobata and has various pharmacological effects, including anti-hyperglycemic and anti-allergic properties. In the present study, we investigated the effect of puerarin against advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced inflammation in mouse mesangial cells. Puer...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.023
更新日期：2010-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The sensory irritant properties of ozone have been considered to be responsible for symptoms that occur in humans after exposure. This assumption has not been studied explicitly. One way to assess the aversive properties of airborne irritants is to give the exposed individual an opportunity to control the duration of ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(85)90246-7
更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous experiments showed that treatment of mice and rats with thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver cell damage, fibrosis and/or cirrhosis, associated with increased oxidative stress and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Some experiments suggest that CYP2E1 may be involved in the metabolic activation of TAA. Howeve...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2007.11.010
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The embryonic stem cell test (EST) predicts developmental toxicity based on the inhibition of cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESC). The subjective endpoint, the long culture duration together with the undefined applicability domain and related predictivity need further improvement to facilitate ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.021
更新日期：2010-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) activate neutrophils to induce degranulation and undergo superoxide production through a mechanism that involves stimulation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Since the biochemical processes leading to the PCB-induced activation of this enzyme are unknown, the objective of this study was...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1999.8827
更新日期：2000-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Dithiocarbamates have a wide spectrum of applications in industry, agriculture and medicine with new applications being actively investigated. One adverse effect of dithiocarbamates is the neurotoxicity observed in humans and experimental animals. Results from previous studies have suggested that dithiocarbamates elev...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2008.01.005
更新日期：2008-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Mass spectrometry is a unique tool to detect and identify trace levels of organic and bioorganic compounds as well as microorganisms in the environment. The range of potential chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents is very broad. An important advantage of mass spectrometry over other techniques invol...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2005.02.040
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has a long history and it is recognized as both poison and drug for more than two thousand years. Since the establishment of ATO as a frontline therapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), the survival of APL patients have been greatly improved and APL is turned from highly fatal to...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2020.115299
更新日期：2020-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Calcium channel blockers and macrolide antibiotics account for many drug interactions. Anecdotal reports suggest interactions between the two resulting in severe side effects. We studied the interaction between verapamil and erythromycin in the rat to see whether it occurs at the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamic le...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2005.11.012
更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peroxynitrite formed by the reaction of superoxide and nitric oxide is a highly reactive species with a role in various pathological processes such as cancer, chronic inflammation, and cardiovascular and neurological diseases. In the present study, the effect of the carotenoids, lycopene and beta-carotene, on peroxyni...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2006.03.006
更新日期：2006-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) cause many adverse health problems, and reports indicate increased risk of breast cancer in men and women through exposure to gasoline and vehicle exhaust. However, DEPs include vast numbers of compounds, and the specific compound(s) responsible for these actions are not clear. We recen...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2008.02.027
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The immunosuppressive synthetic methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), has been shown to cause both an immediate and a sustained elevation of free intracellular calcium (Ca2+) in human T cells. In the present studies, a series of anthracene- and pyrene-based PAHs were ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1994.1161
更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Contact sensitization is caused by low molecular weight compounds which penetrate the skin and bind to protein. In many cases, these compounds are activated to reactive species, either by autoxidation on exposure to air or by metabolic activation in the skin. Geraniol, a widely used fragrance chemical, is considered t...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2008.08.014
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Garlic and its active components are known to possess antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. The present study investigated the effects of garlic oil and its organosulfur compounds on endotoxin-induced intestinal mucosal damage. Wistar rats received by gavage 50 or 200 mg/kg body weight garlic oil (GO), 0.5 mmol/kg...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2005.08.008
更新日期：2006-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute lung injury is an acute inflammatory disease with high morbidity rate and high mortality rate. However, there is still no effective clinical treatment to date. Our previous studies found that NLRC5 was significantly increased in acute liver injury model induced by LPS to reduce the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α. N...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2020.115150
更新日期：2020-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was undertaken to determine the ability of a series of 19 compounds representing different chemical classes of carcinogens to induce lung tumors in strain A/J mice after either ip or po administration. Aflatoxin B1, dibutylnitrosamine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, and methylnitrosourea induced a significant incre...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(86)90433-3
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：UNLABELLED:In the heart, cardiac fibroblasts (CF) and cardiac myofibroblasts (CMF) are the main cells responsible for wound healing after cardiac insult. Exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) is a downstream effector of cAMP, and it has been not completely studied on CF. Moreover, in CMF, which are the main cells r...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.022
更新日期：2013-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The rapid development of high-volume horizontal hydraulic fracturing for mining natural gas from shale has posed potential impacts on human health and biodiversity. The produced flow back waters after hydraulic stimulation are known to carry high levels of saline and total dissolved solids. To understand the toxicity ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2015.07.011
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, the FDA approved the medical use of oral pyridostigmine as prophylactic treatment of possible nerve agent exposure: the concept is to block the cholinesterase transitorily using the carbamate (pyridostigmine) in order to deny access to the active site of the enzyme to the irreversible inhibitor (nerve agent)...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2006.09.002
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study was conducted to clarify the acute effect of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TRCP), an organophosphate flame-retardant, on spontaneous ambulatory activity (AA) in male ICR mice and to examine the neurochemical mechanism of this effect. Single dose administration of 200 mg/kg i.p. of TRCP increased AA i...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1997.8312
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies were conducted to assess the in vitro toxicity of three chloropropanones: monochloropropanone (MCP), 1,1-dichloropropanone (1,1-DCP), and 1,3-dichloropropanone (1,3-DCP). Chloropropanones reacted directly with reduced glutathione (GSH) in sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. All chloropropanones were cytotoxic t...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(87)90192-x
更新日期：1987-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) constitute a family of over one hundred compounds and can generally be found in complex mixtures. PAHs metabolites cause DNA damage which can lead to the development of carcinogenesis. Toxicity assessment of PAH complex mixtures is currently expressed in terms of toxic equivalen...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2012.01.022
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was conducted to evaluate UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase (UDP-GT) activity, UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GA) concentration, and UDP-glucose (UDPG) concentration in the rat intestine and liver following oral administration of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), phenoba...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(92)90330-u
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is caused by topical exposure to chemical allergens. Keratinocytes play a key role in innate immunity, as well as in ACD progression. The transmembrane Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), strongly implicated in skin inflammation, has the ability to bind Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2019.114632
更新日期：2019-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Deltamethrin, a widely used type II pyrethroid insecticide, is a relatively potent neurotoxicant. While the toxicity has been extensively examined, toxicokinetic studies of deltamethrin and most other pyrethroids are very limited. The aims of this study were to identify, characterize, and assess the relative contribut...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2005.07.021
更新日期：2006-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2), a member of bacterial superantigen, is one of the most potent known activators of T lymphocytes. With this property, SEC2 has already been used in clinic as a tumor immunotherapy agent in China. To increase the antitumor activity, a SEC2 mutant named ST-4 (GKVTG102-106WWH) with am...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.009
更新日期：2016-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Liver and kidney injury following acute or chronic exposure to cadmium is well characterized. While hepatocytes and endothelial cells of the sinusoids are thought to be the primary cellular targets in the liver, ultrastructural changes may vary depending upon the exposure regimen and the time following administration....
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1995.1065
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer nanoparticles have been demonstrated to elicit a well defined cytotoxicological response from mammalian cell lines, the response increasing systematically with dendrimer generation and number of surface amino groups. In this work, using generation G4, G5, and G6 dendrimers, this syst...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2010.08.016
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Embryo implantation is a crucial step in human reproduction and depends on the timely development of a receptive endometrium. The human endometrium is unique among adult tissues due to its dynamic alterations during each menstrual cycle. It hosts the implantation process which is governed by progesterone, whereas 17β-...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2012.02.016
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on the progression of chronic renal disease was studied in rats subjected to partial nephrectomy. Following ablation of approximately 70% of their renal mass, rats were divided into three treatment groups: group I received a placebo treatment; group ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(85)90397-7
更新日期：1985-09-30 00:00:00
