Abstract:
:The shock-absorbing characteristics of the heel pad in vivo were examined in adults (N = 16) and 7-year-old children (N = 5) using a drop-impact tester (wt = 5 kg). Impact velocities were 0.72 m/s and 0.93 m/s. It was found that in adults the average peak deceleration was 11.6 G at an impact velocity of 0.93 m/s. The maximum deformation of the heel pad was 11.3 mm, and the computed energy absorption during impact amounted to 79% (range = 75%-89%). These mechanical characteristics remained nearly the same even after 6 min of repeated impacts by the impact tester and even after a 10 km run. The children had larger values of peak deceleration and maximum deformation and smaller energy loss than the adults. It was concluded that the heel pad was a fairly effective shock attenuator and high energy absorber, and that these characteristics remain nearly unchanged even after a relatively long period of repeated impacts. It was also concluded that the mechanical properties of the children's heel pads were different from those of the adults.
journal_name
Int J Sports Medjournal_title
International journal of sports medicineauthors
Kinoshita H,Ogawa T,Kuzuhara K,Ikuta Kdoi
10.1055/s-2007-1021184subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-08-01 00:00:00pages
312-9issue
6eissn
0172-4622issn
1439-3964journal_volume
14pub_type
杂志文章abstract::To determine the effects of aerobic fitness on pregnancy and the newborn, 20 primigravid subjects were studied throughout gestation and immediately postpartum. The subjects were classified as trained (T = 10) or untrained (UT = 10) based on the heart rate response to submaximal cycle ergometry testing done in each tri...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025645
更新日期:1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fluid-regulating hormones [arginine vasopressin (AVP) and aldosterone] as well as electrolytes, plasma volume (PV), and plasma proteins were studied in 16 well-trained male amateur runners (mean age 31.8 years) before t0), immediately after (t1), and 60 min (t2) and 22 h (t3) after a marathon run. Immediately after th...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024914
更新日期:1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This prospective experimental study aimed to compare effects of 3 different home-based postoperative respiratory muscle training protocols - inspiratory, expiratory and combined, in the patients' postoperative recovery, regarding safety and respiratory muscle function, pulmonary function, physical fitness, physical ac...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/a-1096-0913
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of using different intensities and types of aerobic exercise (i. e., cycle ergometer or running) during concurrent training on neuromuscular adaptations. A total of 44 young women were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: concurrent strength and continuous running...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1055/s-0031-1299698
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Limited data exist concerning exercise training-induced alterations in skeletal muscle oxidative and antioxidant enzyme activity in senescent animals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to examine the exercise training-induced changes in oxidative and antioxidant enzyme activity in skeletal muscle of...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1021290
更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Changes in body components occur over a season, but their impact on performance is still unclear. We aimed to analyze the relationship between changes in leg strength and jump performance with body composition over a season in highly trained athletes. Measures from the beginning to the main competitive periods of a se...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0034-1371839
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serum testosterone concentration was determined before and after physical activities of different duration. The subjects under study were: (1) 7 competitive walkers before and after a 20-km race (average race time 1 h 30 min); (2) 9 middle-distance runners before and after 1-h training; (3) 16 marathon runners before ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025914
更新日期:1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primary purpose of this investigation was to compare 31 competitive female swimmers with 31 competitive male swimmers on their perceptual responses to submaximal swimming. A secondary purpose was to evaluate the relationship between heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (RPE) in swimming. Each swimmer completed a...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024707
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of swimming exercise, without overloading, on the biomechanical parameters of the calcaneal tendon of rats. 27 male Wistar rats (70 days) were distributed randomly into 2 groups, Control Group (CG; n=15) with restricted movements inside the cage and Swimming Group (SG; ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1345130
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possible peripheral and/or central origin in the mechanisms responsible for day-time fluctuation in maximal torque of the triceps surae muscle were investigated with a special emphasis on antagonist muscle coactivation. Eleven healthy male subjects (physical education students) took part in this investigation. The...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2005-837618
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The determination of anaerobic capacity (AC) using treadmill ergometry is problematic from a methodological, as well as a technical standpoint. In this study, a procedure from Monod and Scherrer was modified to examine whether realistic magnitudes of AC could be determined using three subject groups with different lev...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2004-821228
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Training effects on peak oxygen consumption (VO2), specific to the mode of movement, are well-known in exercise training of young, healthy adults. However, these specific training effects were never studied in patients with coronary artery disease, but may be important in the evaluation of training effects of cardiac ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1055/s-2007-971930
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study investigated whether 4 weeks of daily supplementation with 500 or 1000 mg of Vitamin C and 500 or 1000 IU of Vitamin E could modify biochemical and ultrastructural indices of muscle damage following a 21 km run. Fifteen experienced male distance runners were divided into two groups (vitamin or placebo) and ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1055/s-2002-19273
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies have shown that the 577R allele of α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) is more prevalent in sprint athletes than in the general population or in endurance athletes. We examined the distribution of ACTN3 R577X (rs 1815739) genotypes and alleles in the Taiwanese general population (603) and in elite sprint swimmers who had part...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0030-1263115
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Considerable interindividual variation in the response of blood pressure to exercise has been found. In this study the response of systolic blood pressure during a progressive maximal bicycle ergometer test was investigated in 747 physically active male subjects over age of 40 years with normal, borderline elevated, a...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1025042
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and the repeatability of a new running computer system (RS800sd, Polar, Kempele, Finland) which included the measurement of running speed (RS) and stride rate (SR). Eight well-trained triathletes participated in this study. First, they completed an incremental con...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0028-1105936
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intense exercise promotes long-term gains in cognitive functions. On the other hand, intense exercise may result in acute effects not clearly determined for cognitive performance. A condition of stochastic intensity ranging from moderate to maximal efforts is part of sports like cycling, in which cognitive integrity i...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/a-1114-6170
更新日期:2020-06-29 00:00:00
abstract::Because metabolic heat production is proportional to the amount of work performed, the differences in core body temperature (Tcore) of humans exercising at similar absolute exercise intensities are due to differences in their efficiency of heat dissipation. The purpose of this paper is to delineate the effects of trai...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2007-971969
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study assessed tolerance to fluid ingestion with repeated sessions of drinking while running. Runners (n = 7; age 22 +/- 2 yr; V O (2max) = 54.4 +/- 7.1 ml/kg/min) performed six 90-min runs (65 % V O (2max); separated by 7 - 11 days). During run 1, subjects drank a glucose-electrolyte solution AD LIBITUM for 1 mi...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038620
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to compare anaerobic running capacity (ARC, i.e., the distance that can be run using only stored energy sources in the muscle) determined from a 3-parameter systems model with other anaerobic indices and with running performance in the 800 m. Seventeen trained male subjects (.VO(2max) = 6...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2006-924516
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Circulatory leukocytes vary significantly in response to acute bouts of exercise. However, little is known concerning the adaptability of this response to chronic intense exercise training. We investigated the circulating leukocytic response to acute exercise in trained athletes during a 28-day intense exercise traini...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1021252
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study evaluated the respiratory effects of a single dive in children. Eighteen young divers and 18 controls participated in our study (age range: 9 - 13 years). Volumes and expiratory flow rates were measured 20 minutes before and 10 minutes after one air dive (3 meters, 25 minutes). Before the dive, no differenc...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2006-923810
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study examined the behaviour of the Achilles tendon (AT) - triceps surae (TS) muscle complex during running and long jump take-off. High AT forces were measured in the push-off phase in running even with very low EMG activity. In the long jump, high rate of stiffness development was a characteristic of the...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2003-39082
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a vibration training protocol and a conventional strength training program consisting of similar exercises on knee extensors and flexors strength and postural sway in middle-aged women. 38 women were randomly assigned into a Vibration Group (n=12, static and ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1055/s-0030-1249618
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fourteen male physical education students performed a single bout of running until exhaustion on the treadmill at 22 km/h and 7.5% slope. They received single oral doses of 100 mg bupranolol (nonselective beta-blockade), 100 mg metoprolol (beta-1-selective blockade), and placebo 60-90 min before running. Arterialized ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1055/s-2008-1026050
更新日期:1983-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vigorous and prolonged physical exercise and mechanical involvement of the perineal region might influence prostatic function and measurement of both total (PSA) and free prostate specific antigen (fPSA), decreasing the diagnostic efficiency of the laboratory screening for either benign or neoplastic prostate disorder...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2004-830450
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:The present study investigated the specific atmospheric conditions expected in Athens during the summer of 2004 in relation to the performance of elite athletes. DESIGN:Atmospheric pollution and weather data for the period April 16th to September 30th covering the entire greater Athens area and collected fr...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2005-837660
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To examine the influence of acute resistive exercise and "hormone status" on cytokine profile, 35 postmenopausal women (72 +/- 6.2 yr) underwent a moderate-high-intensity resistive exercise bout or rested. There were 4 groups: no hormone replacement (NHR, n = 9), hormone replacement (HRT, n = 12), selective estrogen r...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-965115
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Participation in aerobic dance is associated with a number of lower extremity injuries, and abnormal joint loading seems to be a factor in these. However, information on joint loading is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinetics of the lower extremity in step aerobic dance and to compare the d...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0032-1311649
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study aims to investigate the changes in the mechanical properties of quadriceps muscle following a sub-maximal concentric-eccentric stepping exercise protocol. Twenty-four untrained healthy subjects aged 21.9 +/- 0.55 years were asked to perform a 10-minute stepping exercise where the dominant leg worked eccentr...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-965337
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00