Abstract:
:Glaucoma is often characterized by decreased pressure-sensitive aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork. This defect in pressure-sensitive aqueous outflow is evident from the low tonographic facility of outflow ("C") measured in many patients. The impairment in outflow facility causes the high intraocular pressure (IOP) and large diurnal IOP fluctuations often found in glaucoma. Because large diurnal IOP fluctuations have been shown to be a risk factor for glaucomatous progression, IOP-lowering therapy should aim to achieve a low, stable IOP. Pressure-sensitive aqueous outflow helps prevent and dampen pressure spikes; thus, drugs that enhance outflow facility, in particular, may stabilize as well as lower IOP. Outflow facility is an attractive target for glaucoma treatment because enhancing outflow facility tends to restore the self-regulating tendency of IOP. Older drugs such as the cholinergic pilocarpine and the catecholamine epinephrine act primarily by improving outflow facility. This action is also important for the recently introduced prostamide, bimatoprost, as well as for the prostaglandin prodrug, latanoprost. Realization of the importance of facility of outflow in lowering and stabilizing IOP will stimulate additional research into the mechanism of action of ocular hypotensive agents and will help optimize the medical treatment of glaucoma.
journal_name
Surv Ophthalmoljournal_title
Survey of ophthalmologyauthors
Brubaker RFdoi
10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00003-1subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-04-01 00:00:00pages
S17-20eissn
0039-6257issn
1879-3304pii
S0039-6257(03)00003-1journal_volume
48 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Corneal lymphangiogenesis is the extension of lymphatic vessels into the normally alymphatic cornea, a process that compromises the cornea's immune-privileged state and facilitates herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). HSK results most commonly from infection by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and is characterized by immun...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.001
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal injection (IVI) of antivascular endothelial growth factor agents and laser photocoagulation (LPC) for retinopathy of prematurity. We performed a systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL (2005-2019). Comparative studies reporting on ocular ef...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.12.002
更新日期:2020-12-16 00:00:00
abstract::The light and electron microscopic findings are reviewed in two patients who had eyes enucleated for peripheral choroidal malignant melanomas. Preoperatively, cystoid macular edema was documented by fluorescein angiography in the melanoma-containing eye in both patients. Intracytoplasmic swelling (edema) of the Müller...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(84)90233-9
更新日期:1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coats'-like changes (i.e., retinal telangiectasia and/or exudative detachment) have been reported in as many as 1.2 to 3.6 percent of patients with retinitis pigmentosa. In severe cases this disorder may progress to total retinal detachment and visual loss in the context of longstanding retinitis pigmentosa. Forty-six...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(88)90094-x
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The determination of average net pulsatile ocular blood flow form measurements of the intraocular pressure (IOP) pulse is based upon 1) an accurate measurement of IOP and its time variation; 2) a knowledge of the relation between the volume of the living eye and its IOP; 3) a physical model for the flow of blood throu...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(94)90049-3
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Corneal transplant surgeries have a broad range of indications with outcomes largely dependent on surgeon experience. Traditional manual techniques have certain limitations pertaining to the preparation of donor tissue and the recipient bed that might affect the predictability of visual outcomes. Use of lasers for ker...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.01.009
更新日期:2021-01-29 00:00:00
abstract::Abnormal eye movements in the infant or voting child can be congenital or acquired. They may be a result of abnormal early visual development or a sign of underlying neurologic or neuromuscular disease. It is important to be able to detect these abnormalities and to distinguish them from normal but immature eye moveme...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00114-4
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transcorneal drug transport is normally limited by the intrinsic permeation characteristics of the corneal epithelium. However, liposomes, i.e., phospholipid vesicles composed of phospholipid membranes, have recently attracted attention as carriers of topically applied agents. The present study therefore describes a q...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(05)80068-2
更新日期:1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a feared complication of all types of intraocular surgery. Although rare, it is typically associated with severe visual disability, and this has prompted efforts to better understand the pathogenesis of this condition, to identify the patients at risk for this event, and to improve treatme...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00037-5
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Congenital corneal anesthesia is a rare clinical entity that poses a diagnostic dilemma, particularly in the pediatric age group. The sensory deficit may be confined to the cornea, or extend to other divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The sensory deficit may occur as an isolated abnormality, as part of a complex neuro...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.10.004
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 55-year-old woman presented with an eight-year history of progressive gait dysfunction and a 2-3 week history of horizontal diplopia. Examination of the patient revealed acute papilledema, intermittent esotropia, and upper and lower motor neuron findings in her lower extremities. CT scan of the head showed communica...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(94)90176-7
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances in our understanding of the anatomy and physiology of accommodation have contributed to current concepts of the possible constituent factors in presbyopia, largely supplanting the long-held belief that presbyopia is due to sclerosis of the crystalline lens. In this review, the author examines epidemiol...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(89)90126-4
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Posterior scleritis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of many ocular conditions, including angle closure glaucoma, choroidal folds, optic disk edema, circumscribed fundus mass, choroidal detachment, and exudative retinal detachment. Because it is rare, a high index of suspicion is necessary. Anterior sc...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(88)90093-8
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cortical/cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is the most frequent cause of pediatric visual impairment in developed countries and is increasing in prevalence in developing nations. The most common underlying etiology is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, particularly in premature children. Other causes include seizures, hy...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.03.001
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the present study the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF) in low tension glaucoma (LTG) has been investigated. The POBF was measured using the Ocular Blood Flow system of Langham in undisturbed eyes and repeated at IOP increments of about 5 and 10 mmHg in 20 patien...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(94)90064-7
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is still the most common cause of failure of surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, despite the substantial effort that has been devoted to better understanding and managing this condition during the past 25 years. Basic research has indicated that PVR represents scarring,...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(98)00023-x
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sports-related eye injuries pose a substantial and preventable problem. Ophthalmologists, by educating their patients regarding the risks of eye injuries in various sports and the benefits availability of protective equipment, have the potential to prevent injury to well over 100,000 eyes each year. General guidelines...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(80)90075-2
更新日期:1980-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endophthalmitis is a serious complication of cataract surgery that occurs in thousands of patients each year. To decrease the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis, many surgeons inject intracameral antibiotics (cefuroxime, moxifloxacin, and vancomycin) routinely at the end of surgery. A large number of recently ...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.04.006
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Typical optic neuritis is an idiopathic demyelinating condition that is often associated with multiple sclerosis. This has been well characterized and has an excellent prognosis. Atypical optic neuritis can result from an inflammatory, infectious, or autoimmune disorder. Differentiating the two types of optic neuritis...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.06.001
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit is a rare spindle cell neoplasm. There are 42 cases of solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit available in the literature. We present six more cases of orbital solitary fibrous tumors, which presented to our institute between 1999 and 2001. We highlight the need for clinical recognitio...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00087-0
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phosphorus (31P) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) represents a noninvasive technique for the assessment of ocular metabolism. The measurement of a spectrum of phosphorus-containing metabolites (e.g., phosphorylated sugars and ATP), including a number of heretofore uncharacterized metabolites, can be made with a single...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(85)90063-3
更新日期:1985-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ocular posterior segment manifestations of AIDS may be divided into four categories: retinal vasculopathy, unusual malignancies, neuro-ophthalmologic abnormalities, and opportunistic infections. Microvasculopathy is the most common manifestation. Opportunistic infections, particularly cytomegalovirus retinitis and...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.12.008
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is generally accepted that postoperatively radiographic examinations be limited to the area of pathology. The patient presented here complained of visual difficulties two years after transphenoidal removal of a pituitary prolactinoma. His endocrinologist ordered what he believed to be the appropriate computed tomog...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(85)90090-6
更新日期:1985-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Statue of Freedom, which sits on top of the Capitol Dome in Washington, DC, was created by Thomas Crawford. At the peak of his career in 1856, while busy completing multiple commissions for the new Capitol extensions, he developed diplopia and consulted the leading oculists of the time in Paris, Drs. Desmarres and...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.11.003
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cornea's intense innervation is responsible for corneal trophism and ocular surface hemostasis maintenance. Corneal diabetic neuropathy affects subbasal nerve plexus, with progressive alteration of nerves' morphology and density. The quantitative analysis of nerve fibers can be performed with in vivo corneal confo...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.09.003
更新日期:2020-09-19 00:00:00
abstract::A 46-year-old extremely obese black woman presented with headaches, blurred vision, and visual obscurations. Her exam was notable for bilateral severe papilledema, retinal hemorrhages, and lethargy. Her CAT scan was normal, and a spinal tap revealed a very high opening pressure. Although this patient's presentation mi...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(05)80108-0
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Angle-closure glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Diagnosis and treatment are intricately related to angle assessment techniques. This article reviews the literature on angle assessment and provides recommendations about optimal techniques based on the published evidence. Specifically, we review gon...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.10.012
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) is known to reside in the trigeminal ganglia. Our studies show that the temporary retrobulbar disruption of trigeminal nerve function in chronically infected animals caused a striking decrease in the number of positive HSV cultures obtained during the 20 weeks immediately following su...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(76)90098-9
更新日期:1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) is a relatively new type of laser used in treating open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and is reported to be equally efficacious to a first-line medication and argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT). We summarize available evidence for considering SLT as an alternative treatment in OAG through s...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.006
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To diagnose the cause of chronic unilateral external ocular inflammation, the physician must take into account many factors usually not considered in bilateral cases. We report on the diagnosis and treatment of ten unilateral cases encompassing a variety of ocular and systemic problems. The purpose of this report is t...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(79)90019-5
更新日期:1979-11-01 00:00:00