Abstract：
:In the absence of prior knowledge about population relations, investigators frequently employ a strategy that uses the data to help them decide whether to adjust for a variable. The authors compared the performance of several such strategies for fitting multiplicative Poisson regression models to cohort data: 1) the "change-in-estimate" strategy, in which a variable is controlled if the adjusted and unadjusted estimates differ by some important amount; 2) the "significance-test-of-the-covariate" strategy, in which a variable is controlled if its coefficient is significantly different from zero at some predetermined significance level; 3) the "significance-test-of-the-difference" strategy, which tests the difference between the adjusted and unadjusted exposure coefficients; 4) the "equivalence-test-of-the-difference" strategy, which significance-tests the equivalence of the adjusted and unadjusted exposure coefficients; and 5) a hybrid strategy that takes a weighted average of adjusted and unadjusted estimates. Data were generated from 8,100 population structures at each of several sample sizes. The performance of the different strategies was evaluated by computing bias, mean squared error, and coverage rates of confidence intervals. At least one variation of each strategy that was examined performed acceptably. The change-in-estimate and equivalence-test-of-the-difference strategies performed best when the cut-point for deciding whether crude and adjusted estimates differed by an important amount was set to a low value (10%). The significance test strategies performed best when the alpha level was set to much higher than conventional levels (0.20).
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Maldonado G,Greenland Sdoi
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-12-01 00:00:00pages
923-36issue
11eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256journal_volume
138pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The world's population is aging rapidly. This study reports the burden of cancer in the oldest old (≥85 years) in Finland in 1953-2017 and estimates age-specific cancer rates in the old population (65-99 years) in 1988-2017. The Finnish Cancer Registry provided data on all cancer diagnoses, cancer deaths and other dea...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwaa236
更新日期：2020-10-22 00:00:00
abstract：:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental contaminant. Although experimental evidence suggests that TCDD alters thyroid hormone levels in rodents, human data are inconsistent. In 1976, a trichlorophenol plant exploded in Seveso, Italy. Women living in highly exposed areas were followed t...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwu160
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies have compared calipers for propensity score (PS) matching, but none have considered calipers for matching on the disease risk score (DRS). We used Medicare claims data to perform 3 cohort studies of medication initiators: a study of raloxifene versus alendronate in 1-year nonvertebral fracture risk, a...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwv302
更新日期：2016-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Whether caffeine consumption during pregnancy represents a fetal hazard remains uncertain. The authors report on a large prospective study designed to examine this question. In 1996-2000, 2,291 mothers with singleton livebirths in Connecticut and Massachusetts were evaluated after their first prenatal visit and were q...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwf220
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Electric power transmission lines have become objects of public controversy. Hypotheses have linked neurobehavioral effects to the electric and magnetic fields that these lines produce. The authors conducted a telephone interview survey in November 1987 to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms and headache in r...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116679
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pemphigus is a severe, autoimmune, blistering disorder with a high incidence among young women in rural Tunisia. The authors investigated explanatory environmental factors. A multicenter case-control study was conducted prospectively from 1992 to 1996 in Tunisia. Sixty-eight incident female cases of pemphigus and 166 ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/aje/155.3.249
更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Experimental studies suggest that vitamin D modulates the activity of adipocytes. The authors examined baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level in relation to prevalent and cumulative incident obesity in Norway. A cohort of 25,616 adults aged 19-55 years participated in both the second and third surveys of t...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwr456
更新日期：2012-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In 1999, the authors began recruitment for a randomized controlled intervention trial aimed at preventing melanocytic nevi (moles) by minimizing sun exposure through the use of sun-protective clothing. The study involves 652 Caucasian children (75.6% response) aged 0-35 months from 25 child-care centers (n = 13 interv...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/aje/kwi081
更新日期：2005-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Adult height is determined by genetics and childhood nutrition, but childhood infections may also play a role. Monozygotic twins are genetically matched and offer an advantage when identifying environmental determinants. In 2005-2007, we examined the association of childhood infections with adult height in 140 height-...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwt012
更新日期：2013-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Maternal concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) may influence fetal growth. Offspring birth weight related to maternal IGF-I and IGFBP-1 measured in pregnancy was studied in 368 randomly selected women without preeclampsia who delivered a singl...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwr067
更新日期：2011-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The relation between body size and breast cancer remains uncertain, particularly with regard to differences between pre- and postmenopausal women. The authors examined whether height, weight, body mass index, and weight change were associated with breast cancer risk among pre- and postmenopausal women. This population...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009057
更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To test the hypothesis that subtle changes in the resting electrocardiogram can have predictive value for subsequent cardiovascular disease, the authors evaluated serial electrocardiograms from a cohort of initially healthy men and related these to later development of ischemic heart disease. The cohort of 1056 men or...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113739
更新日期：1984-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Because body fat distribution has been recognized as a disease risk factor, practical methods for the measurement of body girths are needed. In two groups of postmenopausal women aged 55-69 years in the upper midwestern United States, the authors examined the reliability and accuracy of self-measurement by mail questi...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115027
更新日期：1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Statistical interactions between genes and environmental exposures with respect to disease outcomes may help to identify biologic mechanisms and pathways and inform behavioral interventions. The number of persons required for a single study to have sufficient statistical power to detect such interactions may be consid...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwq051
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Willingness of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients to volunteer names of friends as potential control subjects was assessed from August through December 1988 in a case-control study at the National Cancer Institute and Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland. Friend controls appeared ideal to examine a genetically determi...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115803
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many nonrandomized interventions rely upon a pre-post design to evaluate effectiveness. Such designs cannot account for events external to the intervention that may produce the outcome. We describe a method to construct a surveillance registry-based comparison group, which allows for estimating the effectiveness of th...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwy103
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To determine the prevalence of cysticercosis in a rural area where the disease is endemic, the authors studied the seroepidemiology of human and porcine cysticercosis in a Peruvian jungle community (Maceda, Peru) in 1988 using an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay. Of the 371 sampled inhabitants, 30...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116383
更新日期：1992-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of invasive bacterial disease among children worldwide. The authors aimed to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, and serotype distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among Navajo children in the southwestern United States. Active population-b...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwh191
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Computer simulation was applied to Sartwell's model to examine the impact of competing risks of death on the underlying assumptions and the power to reject both uniform and normal incubation period distributions. Exponential and nonparametric survival functions were imposed onto lognormal, uniform, and normal distribu...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117642
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A few epidemiologic studies have shown an increased risk of death from external causes among men with hypertension. Previous studies were limited by small numbers of events, however, and none assessed the association of blood pressure with specific types of "accidental" death. The authors examined data obtained from b...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/aje/kwk014
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the resulting loss of information, continuous exposure variables are often categorized in epidemiologic data analysis. It has been shown that nondifferential measurement error of exposure can lead to differential misclassification under these circumstances. This paper extends these findings to the misclassific...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116877
更新日期：1993-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:An epidemic of viral hepatitis type A in an arctic area is described. From 1970-1974, 4961 clinical cases of hepatitis were reported in Greenland, corresponding to 11 per cent of the total population. Epidemiologic surveillance indicated person-to-person transmission of the disease, apparently by the oralfecal route. ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112366
更新日期：1977-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The results of a case-control study in Toronto, Canada, demonstrated a two-fold risk of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix among current smokers relative to women who had never smoked. This significant effect of smoking was not diminished by simultaneously adjusting for age, education, and indices of sexua...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113279
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this analysis was to characterize the natural history of weight change in the years prior to death among older persons and to examine how this pattern varies according to longevity and cause of death. Weight trajectories were analyzed by using data from 800 male decedents from the Baltimore Longitudinal...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwq168
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The epidemiologic approach to causal inference (i.e., Hill's viewpoints) consists of evaluating potential causes from the following 2, noncumulative angles: 1) established results from comparative, observational, or experimental epidemiologic studies; and 2) reviews of nonepidemiologic evidence. It does not involve st...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwt223
更新日期：2013-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity, android fat distribution, and other anthropometric measures have been associated with coronary heart disease in long-term prospective studies. However, fluctuations in weight due to age-related hormonal changes and changes in lifestyle practices may bias relative risk estimates over a long follow-up period. T...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117385
更新日期：1995-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Induction and latent periods are distinguishable concepts referring respectively to the period between causal action and disease initiation, and the period between disease initiation and detection. A disease cannot be characterized as having a long or short induction period, except in relation to a specific etiologic ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113189
更新日期：1981-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Persons whose body fat is distributed predominantly in the abdomen compared with the hips are at increased risk of several chronic diseases. This study examined the cross-sectional relation of percent body fat, computed from skinfold thickness, and fat distribution, measured by the waist-to-hip girth ratio, to physiol...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115424
更新日期：1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the mid-19th century, the German hygienist Max von Pettenkofer viewed cholera as resulting from the interaction between a postulated cholera germ and the characteristics of soils. In order to cause cholera, the cholera germ had to become a cholera miasma, but this transformation required prolonged contact of the ge...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm279
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A national serosurvey was conducted in Mexico from March to October 1986 to identify predictors of dengue transmission and target areas at high risk of severe annual epidemics. A total of 3,408 households in 70 localities with populations less than 50,000 were randomly sampled, and serology was obtained from one subje...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115829
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
