Abstract：
:The human spatial orientation system is highly complex and nonlinear. It is difficult, therefore, to arrive at an unequivocal model of the underlying processing by merely combining the known elementary mechanisms ("bottom-up" approach); additional "top-down" concepts are required to narrow the choice between several formally equivalent solutions. We here suggest a concept in which sensorimotor control is based on a meta-level that provides an internal representation of the physical stimuli acting upon a subject (e.g., tilt of the support surface), whereas the classic reflex concept essentially proceeds from a direct coupling between physiological stimuli, sensors and actuators. At the hypothesized meta-level, the axial body segments are represented as a stack of superimposed platforms with the lowermost platform (generally the feet) riding on a support surface that acts as the buttress for the subject's active movements. From the sensory point of view, this stack constitutes a system of nested references. This concept explains data from various experiments dealing with self- and object motion perception and body stabilization in a more exhaustive way than does the classic concept. In our view, it provides a robust, flexible, and modular framework for perception and action in space.
journal_name
Ann N Y Acad Scijournal_title
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencesauthors
Mergner T,Becker Wdoi
10.1196/annals.1303.028subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-10-01 00:00:00pages
303-15eissn
0077-8923issn
1749-6632journal_volume
1004pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:This review will focus on the free radical signaling mechanism of preconditioning. The results from our laboratory as well as studies from other laboratories suggest that reactive oxygen species function as second messenger during myocardial adaptation to ischemia. This review provides evidence for the first time that...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09224.x
更新日期：1999-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The disturbances in the balance of pro- and antifibrinolytic activity, as observed in AAA and obesity, respectively, have considerable potential for influencing both intra- and extravascular fibrinolytic events and may be causally related to the development of vascular disease. For example, the wall of the aortic athe...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52014.x
更新日期：1997-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Here, we analyzed four population-based demographic and health surveys conducted in Bolivia between 1998 and 2016 to understand trends in anemia in children from 6 to 59 months of age by selected sociodemographic characteristics and three categories of altitude: low, medium, and high. Over the 18-year period, the prev...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
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abstract：:Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an increasingly popular noninvasive neuromodulatory tool in the fields of cognitive and clinical neuroscience and psychiatry. It is an inexpensive, painless, and safe brain-stimulation technique that has proven to be effective in modulating cognitive and sensory-percep...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
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abstract：:Higher fasting plasma insulin levels and reduced CSF-to-plasma insulin ratios, suggestive of insulin resistance, have been observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) who do not possess an apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-epsilon 4 allele. Insulin has also been implicated in processing of beta-amyloid and amyloid precur...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06371.x
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Granulosa cells are known to contribute to maturation of oocytes, and most of the growth factors exert their action via granulosa cells. It has been established that granulosa cell death during follicular atresia and luteolysis results from apoptosis. However, the precise mechanistic pathways of granulosa cell apoptos...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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doi：10.1196/annals.1338.065
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the basal state, patients with sarcoidosis have reduced numbers of circulating T lymphocytes and a normal number of circulating B lymphocytes. The lymphocytes show impaired DNA synthesis in response to several mitogens and antigens and impaired K-cell cytotoxicity. Circulating atypical cells of lymphocytic origin a...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47020.x
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09354.x
更新日期：1999-06-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Several growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factors beta and alpha, basic fibroblast growth factor), produced by hypothalamic astrocytes, participate in the control of hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. On this basis, we have hypothesized that steroid hormones, like estrogens and proges...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several years of survey data indicate that illicit drug use among U.S. youth was at its highest level in 1979. Generally, the use of some illicit drugs declined progressively throughout the 1980s, stabilized, and then decreased slightly. Reducing illicit drug use among U.S. youth continues to be a priority of federal,...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1316.057
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1402.026
更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although much work has been done in the field of circulating DNA, no definitive information on sequencing data of total circulating DNA is available. Characterization of total circulating DNA by sequence analysis may give valuable information about the origin and function of these nucleic acid molecules. Circulating D...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1448.031
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An EEG profile for cannabis preparations equated for delta 9-THC activity has been defined in occasional cannabis users in New York and in long-term, high-dose hashish users in Athens. The EEG effects of enhanced alpha activity, decreased beta activity, and decreased mean frequency are dose dependent, both in intensit...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb49911.x
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigates the effects of agmatine on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent guinea pig ileum. Male guinea pigs that were starved for 24 hours were decapitated after cervical dislocation, and terminal portions of the ilea were removed. Segments were fixed at a resting tension of 1...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb33730.x
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cellulose degradation is a rare trait in bacteria. However, the truly cellulolytic bacteria are extremely efficient hydrolyzers of plant cell wall polysaccharides, especially those in thermophilic anaerobic ecosystems. Clostridium stercorarium, a thermophilic ubiquitous soil dweller, has a simple cellulose hydrolyzing...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The availability of improved peptide synthesis procedures, convenient and sensitive assays for receptor binding and activation, together with advances in methods for structural characterization, has enabled the key structural features of the relaxin family of peptides responsible for biological activity to be defined....
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The structure of a growing number of glycation and advanced glycation end products has been elucidated. Measuring these products can be used to assess cumulative glycemic and glycoxidative damage in diabetes and other chronic conditions. The predictive power of a given glycation product can be tested in large prospect...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors report their experience in the surgical treatment of bone deformities in osteogenesis imperfecta, based upon 45 operations in 13 severely affected patients. Three different procedures were used. Fragmentation and temporary fixation by means of a wire does not guarantee a sufficient protection of the bone a...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb55330.x
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Astrocytes and serotoninergic neurons play a role in central nervous system (CNS) development, probably through serotonin (5HT) stimulation of the glial 5HT(1A) receptor. Activation of 5HT(1A) receptors causes the release of S-100 beta, a glial derived growth factor. In vitro, astrocytes are profoundly altered by chro...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04176.x
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The evolutionary antecedent of the nervous system is "microbial consciousness." In my description of the origin of the eukaryotic cell via bacterial cell merger, the components fused via symbiogenesis are already "conscious" entities. I have reconstructed an aspect of the origin of the neurotubule system by a hypothes...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Local activation of macrophages may play an important role in the immune process of pulmonary infections and in the inflammatory response of lung allograft rejection. To document macrophage activation within human lung allografts displaying various complications, we have investigated ICAM-1 expression in freshly isola...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32575.x
更新日期：1996-10-31 00:00:00
abstract：:The natural tetrapeptide acetyl-ser-asp-lys-pro (AcSDKP) is formed in vivo by enzymatic cleavage of the N terminus of thymosin beta4 by prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). Recently, AcSDKP was shown to promote angiogenesis. Because of the critical role of neovascularization in cancer development, the levels of AcSDKP and POP...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05488.x
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A triple genetic association between serum IgE levels, mast cell numbers, and susceptibility to oral tolerance was observed in mice genetically selected to extreme phenotypes of oral tolerance (susceptibility and resistance), suggesting a coadaptation of genes controlling these traits. ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1309.046
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to reevaluate the role of infection in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sera from 119 patients with IBD [80 with Crohn's disease (CD); 39 with ulcerative colitis] and 98 healthy controls were assessed using the Bio-Rad BioPlex 2200 for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus, Epst...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04673.x
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
