Abstract:
:The clinical trial of the AbioCor artificial heart, initiated in July 2001 and still in process, has taken place within a matrix of social and cultural patterns that are both "old" and new. The old patterns--those that have accompanied previous clinical trials of other vital artificial organs and transplantation in the United States--include "experiment perilous," and courage, heroism, and pioneering themes; "right stuff" motifs; "Americana" symbols; allusions to the meaning of the human heart; connections with a for-profit corporation; and the occurrence of moratoriums. New patterns--those more particular and distinctive to the AbioCor trial--involve the restrictions imposed on releasing information about the post-operative clinical status of the implant recipients; the quasi-institutionalization of a patient advocacy system to represent patient-subjects and their families; and the "crises of success" that were encountered when several of the AbioCor recipients survived longer than expected. In certain instances, old and new patterns have been combined--for example, in some of the idiosyncratic features of the AbioCor-associated lawsuit that has resulted in part from the problem of the "therapeutic misconception," the belief that an experimental intervention is actually intended to be a treatment.
journal_name
Perspect Biol Medjournal_title
Perspectives in biology and medicineauthors
Fox RC,Swazey JPdoi
10.1353/pbm.2004.0006subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-01-01 00:00:00pages
74-99issue
1eissn
0031-5982issn
1529-8795journal_volume
47pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Biologists use models in two distinct ways that have not been clearly articulated. A model may be used either as an exemplar of a larger group, or as a surrogate for a specific target. Zebrafish serve as an exemplary model of vertebrates in developmental biology; rodents are both exemplary vertebrates and specific sur...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.0.0125
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::After almost 50 years in science, I believe that there is an acceptable, often advantageous chasm between open-ended basic research-free exploration without a practical destination and in which the original ideas may fade into new concepts-and translational research or clinical research. My basic research on crystalli...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2010.0000
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::How will developments in genetic knowledge affect the classification of disease? Leaders in genetics have suggested that knowledge of the role of genes in disease can determine nosology. Diseases might be defined by genotype, thus avoiding the limitations of more empirical approaches to categorization. Other commentat...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0012
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the 19th century, we have come to think of disease in terms of specific entities--entities defined and legitimated in terms of characteristic somatic mechanisms. Since the last third of that century, we have expanded would-be disease categories to include an ever-broader variety of emotional pain, idiosyncrasy, ...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0046
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autobiographical narratives of illness and disability are influential in popular and medical discourses of illness and disability, in part because these narratives represent illness and disability within a sociocultural context, intersecting with other categories of difference. Clinicians can benefit patients through ...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.0.0135
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metaphysics is an essential part of philosophy of medicine, providing the background for further methodological work. Current accounts of the ontology of particular diseases may be classified as realist or anti-realist. Because strong arguments can be marshaled by both of these positions, an approach to medical ontolo...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.0.0032
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The concept of placebo has evolved over time. Generally believed to be the basis of the premodern pharmacopoeia, the placebo has been adopted in practice as a harmless but unscientific approach towards alleviating symptoms. Currently, many medical scientists view placebos pejoratively as confounding elements in the an...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2004.0053
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article is concerned with the practice of bioethics outside of the Euro-American and Anglophone settings in which it was first formulated. In theoretical terms, the article considers the frictions that arise when global-scale projects such as bioethics are introduced into diverse social and cultural settings. Met...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2018.0038
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Shopping for genetic information has become popular, but consumers may not understand what exactly they are buying. The retail DNA industry is forcing laypersons, academics, and medical and legal professionals alike to face the crossroads of genetics, law, and society. How will we decipher the meanings of the tests, d...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.0.0158
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The advent of electronic health records (EHRs) to improve access and enable research in the everyday clinical world has simultaneously made medical information much more vulnerable to illicit, non-beneficent uses. This wealth of identified, aggregated data has and will attract attacks by domestic governments for surve...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2013.0003
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fifty years after Beecher's landmark article, an old question is being debated anew: is it ethical to conduct clinical research without consent? This paper provides a systematic analysis of this question. First, it describes five clinical trials that have either been conducted (or proposed) without the subjects provid...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2016.0023
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews some of the technological devices and ideas which have been used over the years to answer the question, how does the brain work? It describes some of the early technology-based analogies and models of nerve fibers, and then discusses other analogies and models of the brain based on mechanical and ...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1353/pbm.2002.0033
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the practice of medicine continually changes in response to new biomedical understanding, novel technologies, and evolving cultural contexts, the ethical foundations of the clinical relationship between patient and physician paradoxically remain constant. There are fundamental characteristics with respect to ...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2012.0002
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As health care has become of great importance to both individual citizens and to society, it has become more important to understand medicine's relationship to the society it serves in order to have a basis for meaningful dialogue. During the past decade, individuals in the medical, legal, social sciences, and health ...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1353/pbm.0.0045
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Scholars have shown that organ transplantation may transform ideas about one's body, with recipients feeling that they are receiving not just a body part but also a part of the donor's identity. This article focuses on a different way in which organ transplantation shapes recipient identity: the idea of becoming whole...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2011.0036
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diverse and non-coherent sets of epistemological principles currently inform research in the general area of functional genomics. Here, from the personal point of view of a scientist with over half a century of immersion in hypothesis driven scientific discovery, I compare and deconstruct the ideological bases of prom...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2015.0025
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rise of big data and artificial intelligence (AI) in health care has engendered considerable excitement, claiming to improve approaches to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Amidst the enthusiasm, the philosophical assumptions that underlie the big data and AI movement in medicine are rarely examined. This essay...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2019.0012
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Schneiderman, Jecker, and Jonsen (2017) correctly take issue with a recent multi-society statement that attempts to replace most uses of the term futility with "inappropriate treatment." However, they mistakenly categorize any treatment of permanent unconsciousness as futile. Futility can be readily defined as an inte...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2018.0004
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper constructs a brief history of the biochemical term agonist by exploring the multiple meanings of the root agôn in ancient Greek literature and describing how agonist first appeared in the scientific literature of the 20th century in the context of neurophysiologists' debates about the existence and properti...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2002.0056
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::While the necessity of normalizing surgery on intersexed individuals is a topic of ongoing debate in the 21st century, the origins of surgery as a therapeutic practice for ambiguous or unusual genitalia lie in the 19th century. The first report of corrective surgery published in the United States appeared in the Ameri...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2005.0012
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several studies suggest that clinical researchers are prone to overestimating the chance that scientific protocols will succeed, say, by confirming a treatment hypothesis or reaching recruitment targets. In this essay, we address the normative question of whether such "unrealistic optimism" is harmful in clinical rese...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2016.0043
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Concerns about nature are playing increasingly prominent roles in a variety of social debates, including medical biotechnology, environmental protection, and agricultural biotechnology. These concerns are often simply rejected as incoherent: critics argue that there is no good account for how natural states of affairs...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2007.0049
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Kelly, Kelly, and Russo (2014) recently proposed to integrate biological, behavioral, and social mechanisms into "mixed mechanisms" situated in the individual's "lifeworld" when considering illness causation. This article suggests considering terminological discrepancies, replacing the pathogenetic with an etiological...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2017.0025
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over recent years there has been a gratifying decrease in the incidence of recorded deaths from coronary artery disease in the Western world. The common view is that coronary artery disease is a recent phenomenon, that we have been subject to an epidemic in the mid-20th century that is now tailing off, and that with a...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2012.0015
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medical leadership and leadership education have recently emerged as subjects of an expanding though as yet uncritical literature. Considerable attention is being given to the development of courses and electives, together with some proposals for generalizing these offerings to all medical students and doctors. This a...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2013.0027
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laura Ferguson's The Visible Skeleton Series constitutes an artistic self-representation of scoliosis. Ferguson employs high-tech medical imaging and innovative graphical techniques to suggest a novel view of her skeletal "deformity." This section presents introductions to the series by a historian of medicine and by ...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2004.0023
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The linguistic metaphor in biology adheres to a representational theory that seeks similarities between pre-given domains. The point of departure of this paper is the generative and nonrepresentational conception of metaphor. This paper argues that by adopting the nonrepresentational conception of metaphor, meaning-ma...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1353/pbm.2005.0076
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The health aspects and benefits of conception control as a justification for U.S. government support of family planning are reviewed. The Family Planning Services Act of 1970 set a goal of serving 5 million indigent women by 1975. It is predicted that the program will far surpass that goal. 340 million dollars were...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.1973.0050
更新日期:1973-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The concept and determination of death by neurological or cardio-circulatory criteria play a crucial role for medical practice, society, and the law. Academic debates on death determination have regained momentum, and recent cases involving the neurological determination of death ("brain death") in the United States h...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2015.0036
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An intersex condition is one in which an individual is born with atypical male or female external genitalia, gonads, hormones, or chromosomes. Older terms, such as pseudohermaphroditism and hermaphroditism, are controversial, leading the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for P...
journal_title:Perspectives in biology and medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1353/pbm.2016.0033
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00