Abstract:
:Glutamate (Glu) is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and has been implicated in the regulation of GnRH secretion in several mammalian species, including the monkey. To investigate the neuroanatomical basis for Glu-GnRH interactions, we performed an immunocytochemical study at both the light and electron microscopic levels on the brains of four female and five male macaques. Initially, we determined the location of Glu-immunoreactive (-ir) elements using a monoclonal antibody specific for glutaraldehyde-fixed Glu (Glu-2) and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-4-HCl (DAB). Glu-ir was observed in the cytoplasm and to a variable degree in the nuclei of neurons in the diencephalon. Cytoplasmic staining was particularly intense in numerous neurons in the arcuate nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and many paraventricular nucleus neurons. Short Glu-ir processes were evident in these and other hypothalamic regions and were extremely dense in the infundibular stalk and median eminence. Prior absorption of the Glu-2 antibody with a Glu-glutaraldehyde-BSA conjugate completely abolished all immunostaining in both neuronal nuclei and cytoplasm. Double label Glu-GnRH immunostaining for light microscopy was performed using Glu-2 and DAB without enhancement, and a polyclonal antibody (LR1 or LR2) with silver-enhanced DAB for Glu and GnRH, respectively. Glu-ir interactions with GnRH-ir cell bodies were not apparent, but a few Glu-ir axons seemed to contact GnRH-ir dendrites in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, medial septum, and arcuate nucleus regions. Reciprocal interactions occurred more frequently, however, in which GnRH-ir axons and dendritic fibers engaged Glu-ir cell bodies en passant, particularly toward the medial and posterior hypothalamus. For ultrastructural analyses, Glu-ir elements were stained with the Glu-2 antibody and 15 nm immunogold or DAB. Electron microscopy demonstrated that Glu-ir was associated with clear microvesicles within the neuronal cytoplasm. Glu-ir processes made classical asymmetrical synapses with one another and received asymmetrical synapses from unlabeled afferents. In sections double labeled for Glu with immunogold and for GnRH with DAB, axo-somatic interactions were not observed. However, axo-dendritic Glu-GnRH synapses were seen, which usually exhibited Glu-ir labeling of terminal vesicles and inconsistent postsynaptic densities, with GnRH-ir neurosecretory granules sometimes congregated in the apposing dendrite or spine. Surprisingly, reverse GnRH-Glu interactions were observed more frequently.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
journal_name
Endocrinologyjournal_title
Endocrinologyauthors
Goldsmith PC,Thind KK,Perera AD,Plant TMdoi
10.1210/endo.134.2.7905410subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-02-01 00:00:00pages
858-68issue
2eissn
0013-7227issn
1945-7170journal_volume
134pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
ENDOCRINOLOGY文献大全abstract::It is well established that sexually dimorphic neural regions are organized by steroid hormones during development. In many species, neonatal males are exposed to more testosterone than their female littermates, and ultimately it is the estradiol, produced by aromatization of testosterone, that affects sexual differen...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2008-0183
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The central characteristic of uterine fibroids is excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), which contributes to fibroid growth and bulk-type symptoms. Despite this, very little is known about patterns of ECM protein expression in fibroids and whether these are influenced by the most common genetic anomalies...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2017-03018
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Covalent adduction of a nitrosyl group to cysteines [S-nitrosylation (S-NO)] is emerging as a key route for nitric oxide (NO) to directly modulate protein functions. Here, we studied the effects of estrogens on endothelial protein S-NO and analyzed the nitrosyl-proteomes by biotin/CyDye switch technique combined with ...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2009-1356
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent regulators of energy metabolism. Chronic GC exposure suppresses brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic capacity in mice, with evidence for a similar effect in humans. Intracellular GC levels are regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity, which can amplify...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2016-1722
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute leptin increase as well as endogenous hyperleptinemia evoked by high-fat diets (HF) activate fatty acid metabolism in nonadipose tissues. This supports the notion that hyperleptinemia is pivotal to prevent/delay steatosis during periods of positive energy balance. We have previously shown that long-term HF spare...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2009-1170
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful orexigenic factor, and alphaMSH is a melanocortin (MC) peptide that induces satiety by activating the MC4 receptor subtype. Genetic models with disruption of MC4 receptor signaling are associated with obesity. In the present study, a 7-day intracerebroventricular infusion to male rat...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo.141.12.7842
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endocrine regulation of uterine biology is critical for embryo receptivity and human reproduction. Uterine endometrium depends on extrinsic sex steroid input and hence likely has mechanisms that enable adaptation to hormonal variation. Emerging evidence suggests that sex steroid bioavailability in the endometrium is d...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2014-1139
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stimulators of bone resorption, such as PTH, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3], or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), do not cause calcium release from cultured calvaria of the genetically determined osteopetrotic microphthalmic (mi/ mi) mouse, due to a defect in the function of osteoclasts. To investigate the capaci...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo-112-3-945
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intravenous (i.v.) administration of TRF (1 mg/kg) increases the LD50 of pentobarbital (PB) by 25% while the same dose of somatostatin results in a 30% reduction in PB LD50. A similar increase of PB LD50 by TRF was observed in hypophysectomized rats. Mortality was completely abolished in rats receiving TRF (1 mg/kg) t...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo-96-5-1333
更新日期:1975-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucocorticoids induce tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) in hepatoma cells. We have previously shown that both the concentration of the agonist dexamethasone (Dex) required for half-maximal induction (EC50) and the amount of agonist activity produced by the antagonist dexamethasone 21-mesylate (Dex-Mes), expressed as a ...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo.130.4.1347740
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We are investigating the mechanisms by which aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), suppress hepatic cytochrome P450 2C11 (CYP2C11) gene expression. CYP2C11 is an enzyme expressed in the liver of male rats and is regulated by a pulsatile pattern of GH secretion. We have previously shown that MC atte...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2002-220212
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the kidney, 11 beta-dehydrogenase (11 beta-DH) converts the active steroid cortisol to inactive cortisone (corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone in the rat). In man, congenital and acquired deficiency of 11 beta-dehydrogenase are rare causes of hypertension in which cortisol acts as a potent mineralocorticoid....
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo-128-4-2129
更新日期:1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In addition to androgens that are essential for maintenance of prostate growth and function, nonandrogenic hormones must also be considered to explain some regulatory events occurring in the prostate. The detection of LH/CG receptor (LH/CG-R) gene expression in some nongonadal tissues, has led us to consider LH as a p...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo.136.3.7867600
更新日期:1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prolonged exposure of many types of cells to drugs or hormones that inhibit the activity of the enzyme adenylate cyclase, such as narcotics and alpha 2-adrenergic agonists, leads to enhanced accumulation of cAMP upon removal of the inhibitory drug. We have found previously that chronic infusion of the adenosine A1 rec...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo-124-5-2434
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a previous study we found that PTH stimulated bone resorption and release of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II from cultured neonatal mouse calvaria. Since IGF-I and IGF-II stimulate osteoblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, these results suggested that increased release of IGFs during resorpti...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo-128-3-1511
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cultured pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells possess specific high affinity receptors for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). CPAE cells were used to investigate the regulation of ANP receptors by glucocorticoids. Treatment of CPAE cells with dexamethasone (1 microM) produced a 69.3 +/- 23% (P less than 0.01) incr...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo-129-5-2311
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::IGF binding proteins-3 and -4, whether given in the perfused rat heart or given iv in the intact animal, cross the microvascular endothelium of the heart and distribute in subendothelial tissues. IGF binding protein-3, like IGF-I/II, localizes in cardiac muscle, with lesser concentrations in CT elements. In contrast, ...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo.142.9.8353
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antisera against proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides have previously been employed to demonstrate immunostainable materials in the male reproductive tract and in the corpus luteum of rat ovary. The present study was designed to determine how the distribution of such stainable materials varies in mouse ovary as...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo-115-1-378
更新日期:1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway, which regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It has been reported that the members of Notch signaling are expressed in mammalian ovaries, but the exact functions of this pathway in follicle development is still unclear. In this study, prima...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2010-1182
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Kisspeptins are new actors in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. In vertebrates, the number of kiss genes varies from none to three. Zebrafish have two kiss genes, kiss1 and kiss2, and two kiss receptors (GPR54), kiss1r and kiss2r. To provide detailed information on the organization of the kiss systems in ...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2010-0948
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The utility of the established ACTH secreting mouse pituitary tumor cell line AtT20 for investigating early glucocorticoid inhibition was examined. Three different strains of the cell line D1, D16v, and D16:16, respectively, were analyzed. In initial studies CRF and phorbol esters were used as secretagogues to examine...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo.131.6.1332850
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucose homeostasis depends on the coordinated secretion of glucagon, insulin, and Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 by pancreas and intestine. Obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, affects the function of these organs. Here, we investigate the functional...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2016-1433
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thyroid hormones play a major role in body homeostasis, regulating energy expenditure and cardiovascular function. Given that obese people or athletes might consider rapid weight loss as beneficial, voluntary intoxication with T4 preparations is a growing cause for thyrotoxicosis. However, the long-lasting effects of ...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2016-1095
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::High-density lipoprotein mediates a normal physiological process called reverse cholesterol transport. This process enables the transfer of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for further metabolism and eventual secretion in the form of bile. The scavenger receptor of the B class (SR-BI), human homolog of...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2004-0330
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A monoclonal antibody directed against bovine TSH was obtained by hybridoma technology. This antibody was specific for TSH and did not react with bovine LH and FSH. Affinity chromatography of crude TSH was performed on anti-TSH Sepharose. Bovine TSH was purified in a single step to near homogeneity by this technique, ...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo-122-1-319
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The testis contains many peptides originally described as originating in the central nervous system. The physiological function of these factors in the testis is generally unknown. We previously reported that the rat testis contains both a peptide with GH-releasing hormone-like immunoactivity (tGHRH-LI) and a mRNA spe...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo-127-5-2336
更新日期:1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Animals maintained on retinol (vitamin A-alcohol)-deficient diets exhibit testicular atrophy and loss of the germinal epithelium. Retinoic acid (vitamin A-acid), when fed to retinol-deficient animals, does not prevent these lesions and had thus been thought not to play a role in the tests. Serum testosterone (T) level...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo-108-6-2120
更新日期:1981-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a C cell neoplasm-secreting calcitonin. Surgery remains the only treatment as the primary tumor and metastases resist radio- and chemotherapies. MTC produces high amounts of prostaglandins (PGs). Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have an antitumoral effect, generally related to the ...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2003-0915
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.47) catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby generating reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is a necessary cofactor fo...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/en.2007-0593
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Up-regulation of maternal islet function is essential to accommodate the increased demand for insulin during pregnancy. Previously, we suggested that lactogenic activity regulates islet function during pregnancy. However, this hypothesis was based on the effect of homologous PRLs on islets, since the homologous placen...
journal_title:Endocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endo.132.2.8425500
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00