The B7 family revisited.

abstract：:Stressors ranging from nutrient deprivation to immune signaling can induce the degradation of cytoplasmic material by a process known as autophagy. Increasingly, research on autophagy has begun to focus on its role in inflammation and the immune response. Autophagy acts as an immune effector that mediates pathogen cle...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kuballa P,Nolte WM,Castoreno AB,Xavier RJ

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During alphabeta T cell development, cells diverge into alternate CD4 helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell lineages. The precise correlation between a T cell's CD8 and CD4 choice and its TCR specificity to class I or class II MHC was noted more than 20 years ago, and establishing the underlying mechanism has remained a ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： He X,Park K,Kappes DJ

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genes encoding the alpha and beta chain of the T-cell receptor and the gamma gene have been cloned, and their structure, organization, ontogeny of expression, pattern of rearrangement, and diversification are now generally understood. In most cases, the immunoglobulin paradigm applied very well to the correspondin...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kronenberg M,Siu G,Hood LE,Shastri N

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adaptive immune recognition is mediated by antigen receptors on B and T cells generated by somatic recombination during lineage development. The high level of diversity resulting from this process posed technical limitations that previously limited the comprehensive analysis of adaptive immune recognition. Advances ov...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Bradley P,Thomas PG

更新日期：2019-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The transcription factor NF-kappa B, more than a decade after its discovery, remains an exciting and active area of study. The involvement of NF-kappa B in the expression of numerous cytokines and adhesion molecules has supported its role as an evolutionarily conserved coordinating element in the organism's response t...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Ghosh S,May MJ,Kopp EB

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last several years, the mechanism of IFN gamma-dependent signal transduction has been the focus of intense investigation. This research has recently culminated in the elucidation of a comprehensive molecular understanding of the events that underlie IFN gamma-induced cellular responses. The structure and fu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Bach EA,Aguet M,Schreiber RD

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A reciprocal regulation exists between the central nervous and immune systems through which the CNS signals the immune system via hormonal and neuronal pathways and the immune system signals the CNS through cytokines. The primary hormonal pathway by which the CNS regulates the immune system is the hypothalamic-pituita...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Webster JI,Tonelli L,Sternberg EM

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A family consisting of at least ten distinct novel 8-10 kd cytokines has been identified over the past 12 years. These cytokines exhibit from 20 to 45% homology in amino acid sequence, are probably all basic heparin-binding polypeptides, and have proinflammatory and reparative activities. The cDNA for these cytokines ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Oppenheim JJ,Zachariae CO,Mukaida N,Matsushima K

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a potent immunomodulatory four-alpha-helical-bundle type I cytokine, is produced by NKT and CD4(+) T cells and has pleiotropic effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. These actions include positive effects such as enhanced proliferation of lymphoid cells, increased cytotoxicity of...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Spolski R,Leonard WJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Analysis of cytokine mRNA and protein in rheumatoid arthritis tissue revealed that many proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha, IL-1, IL-6, GM-CSF, and chemokines such as IL-8 are abundant in all patients regardless of therapy. This is compensated to some degree by the increased production of anti-inflammatory cy...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Feldmann M,Brennan FM,Maini RN

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only a handful of the more than 100,000 fungal species on our planet cause disease in humans, yet the number of life-threatening fungal infections in patients has recently skyrocketed as a result of advances in medical care that often suppress immunity intensely. This emerging crisis has created pressing needs to clar...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Wüthrich M,Deepe GS Jr,Klein B

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although several laboratories have shown that the appearance of naturally occurring suppressor cells in the spleens of neonatal or irradiated mice is temporarily related to the ease of induction of tolerance, the characteristics of these cells and their regulatory functions have been poorly understood until recently. ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Strober S

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The introduction of cloned genes into the germline of mice has been proven to be a powerful tool to investigate the role of the respective gene products within the immune system. Here we summarize the transgenic mouse models that have been established with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I genes. Foreign ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Arnold B,Hämmerling GJ

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T helper lymphocytes can be divided into two distinct subsets of effector cells based on their functional capabilities and the profile of cytokines they produce. The Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells secretes cytokines usually associated with inflammation, such as IFN-gamma and TNF and induces cell-mediated immune responses....

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Constant SL,Bottomly K

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over a decade has passed since the identification of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative agent of AIDS. During this time, HIV has been extensively characterized, and a variety of vaccine constructs and strategies have been explored. For the most part, these have been driven by successes of the past...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Cease KB,Berzofsky JA

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review examines the role of cross-presentation in tolerance and immunity. We discuss (a) the antigenic requirements for cross-presentation, (b) the phenotype of the antigen presenting cell (APC), (c) the cellular interactions and molecular signals involved in cross-priming, and (d) the factors that direct the imm...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Heath WR,Carbone FR

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To combat infection, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster relies on multiple innate defense reactions, many of which are shared with higher organisms. These reactions include the use of physical barriers together with local and systemic immune responses. First, epithelia, such as those beneath the cuticle, in the ali...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Lemaitre B,Hoffmann J

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cell populations effecting different forms of type 1, 2, and 3 immunity; tissue repair; and immune regulation has transformed our understanding of mucosal immunity and allergy. The emerging complexity of these populations along with compounding issues of redundancy and ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Ishizuka IE,Constantinides MG,Gudjonson H,Bendelac A

更新日期：2016-05-20 00:00:00

abstract：:It is possible to create mice in which a planned alteration has been introduced at a specific locus in the genome. The planned alteration is first introduced into the genome of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in tissue culture. This is accomplished by homologous recombination between the targeted genomic locus and DNA...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Koller BH,Smithies O

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent years have witnessed an emergence of interest in understanding metabolic changes associated with immune responses, termed immunometabolism. As oxygen is central to all aerobic metabolism, hypoxia is now recognized to contribute fundamentally to inflammatory and immune responses. Studies from a number of groups ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Colgan SP,Furuta GT,Taylor CT

更新日期：2020-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:CD4+ T lymphocytes initiate and regulate both the specific and nonspecific effector mechanisms of allergic immune responses. The definition of immunogenic components within allergens has allowed the specificity of the T-cell repertoire to be examined, and the refinement of their molecular structure is now facilitating...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： O'Hehir RE,Garman RD,Greenstein JL,Lamb JR

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In light of recent data showing that both helper and cytotoxic T cells can detect even a single molecule of an agonist peptide-MHC, alphabeta T cells are clearly a type of sensory cell, comparable to any in the nervous system. In addition, endogenous (self) peptides bound to MHCs are not just important for thymic sele...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Davis MM,Krogsgaard M,Huse M,Huppa J,Lillemeier BF,Li QJ

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neutrophils provide the first line of defense of the innate immune system by phagocytosing, killing, and digesting bacteria and fungi. Killing was previously believed to be accomplished by oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen species generated by the NADPH oxidase, and by oxidized halides produced by myelope...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Segal AW

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:B lymphopoiesis is regulated by multiple signals from stromal cell contact, soluble cytokines, antigen, and T helper cells. In vitro and biochemical experiments have implicated tyrosine kinases as key components of many of these signaling pathways. Genetic analysis of the role of these tyrosine kinases has been facili...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Satterthwaite A,Witte O

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last decade the immunoglobulin J chain has indeed come of age. The amino-acid sequence has been determined for the mouse and human polypeptides, and the data obtained have established the uniqueness of the primary structure and its high degree of conservation in vertebrates. The biosynthesis of J chain has ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Koshland ME

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The epithelial architecture of the thymus fosters growth, differentiation, and T cell receptor repertoire selection of large numbers of immature T cells that continuously feed the mature peripheral T cell pool. Failure to build or to maintain a proper thymus structure can lead to defects ranging from immunodeficiency ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Rodewald HR

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:While still incomplete, the first data concerning the biochemistry of T cell receptor-ligand interactions in cell-free systems seem to have considerable predictive value regarding whether a T cell response is strong or weak or suppressive. This data will help considerably in elucidating the mechanisms behind T cell re...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Davis MM,Boniface JJ,Reich Z,Lyons D,Hampl J,Arden B,Chien Y

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The IL-10 family of cytokines consists of nine members: IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, and the more distantly related IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29. Evolutionarily, IL-10 family cytokines emerged before the adaptive immune response. These cytokines elicit diverse host defense mechanisms, especially from epithel...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Ouyang W,Rutz S,Crellin NK,Valdez PA,Hymowitz SG

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Development of the acquired immune response is dependent on the signaling of CD40 by its ligand, CD154. These molecules govern both the magnitude and quality of humoral- and cell-mediated immunity. A litany of studies have conclusively documented that blockade of this ligand-receptor pair can prevent, and also interve...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Quezada SA,Jarvinen LZ,Lind EF,Noelle RJ

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Class 2 alpha-helical cytokines consist of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 (Mda-7), and IL-26, interferons (IFN-alpha, -beta, -epsilon, -kappa, -omega, -delta, -tau, and -gamma) and interferon-like molecules (limitin, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The interaction of these cytokines with their spec...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Pestka S,Krause CD,Sarkar D,Walter MR,Shi Y,Fisher PB

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00