Abstract：
:The bystander is defined as an active and involved participant in the social architecture of school violence, rather than a passive witness. Bullying is redefined from a triadic (bully-victim-bystander) rather than dyadic (bully-victim) perspective. Teachers, including administrators, and students can promote or ameliorate bullying and other forms of violence when in this social role. Cases are used to illustrate this phenomenon, including one in which a teacher is murdered. Data are presented from a study of teachers' perceptions of other teachers who bully students, suggesting that bullying of students by teachers and bullying of teachers by students is a factor in the aggravation of school bullying and violence that needs to be more openly discussed. An intervention in nine elementary schools involving 3,600 students is outlined to illustrate how a focus on reflective mentalizing and awareness of the importance of the helpful bystander role can promote a peaceful school-learning environment for students and teachers. The paper concludes with an outline for research into how communities and schools adopt bystanding roles when faced with complex problems like youth violence, and how they may avoid facing the problems by blaming law enforcement and educators.
journal_name
Ann N Y Acad Scijournal_title
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencesauthors
Twemlow SW,Fonagy P,Sacco FCdoi
10.1196/annals.1330.014subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-12-01 00:00:00pages
215-32eissn
0077-8923issn
1749-6632pii
1036/1/215journal_volume
1036pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Calpain, an inactive proenzyme, translocates from the cytosol to the membrane upon binding calcium, and is activated at the membrane in the presence of calcium and PIP2. Activated calpain is very unstable and presumably used only once. Thus the primary targets of calpain are considered to be membrane or membrane-assoc...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb27490.x
更新日期：1992-12-31 00:00:00
abstract：:Sexual dimorphism is a well-documented phenomenon that is observed at all levels of the animal kingdom. Historically, sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) have been implicated as key players in a wide array of pathologies displaying sexual dimorphism in their etiology and progression. While these hormones clearly ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/nyas.12425
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a "tripartite" synapse, composed of three cellular elements: the presynaptic nerve terminal, the postsynaptic specialization, and synapse-associated glial cells, called perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs; also called terminal Schwann cells). During development, PSCs grow be...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1405.016
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Full-grown amphibian oocytes, arrested in prophase I or meiosis, respond in vitro to progesterone and certain other steroids. They undergo an apparently normal sequence of nuclear maturation and cytoplasmic differentiation, which are necessary precedents for fertilization and embryogenesis. Individual oocytes or popul...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb29433.x
更新日期：1977-03-11 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review, we present (1) the scientific basis for the use of high-dose immunosuppression followed by autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D); (2) an update of the clinical and laboratory outcome of 20 patients transplanted at the University Ho...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1447.048
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Accumulating epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence supports the conclusion of a critical role of epigenetic factors in immune programming. This understanding provides the basis for elucidating how the intricate interactions of the genome, epigenome, and transcriptome shape immune responses and maintain ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05831.x
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, mostly in the dark period of the light/dark cycle, with corresponding fluctuations reflected in the plasma melatonin levels. This hormone plays a critical role in the regulation of various neural and endocrine processes that are synchronized with daily change in pho...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1332.014
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin that elicits the production of several cytokines, induces cardiovascular changes characterized by increased perfusion of immune organs and compensatory sympathetic vasoconstriction in other tissues. We therefore hypothesized that to adapt to altered blood flow distribution follow...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05380.x
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The first evidence for the role of the protein elongation factor eEF1A2 in tumorigenesis was reported by Anand and colleagues who demonstrated that eEF1A2 is overexpressed in about 30% of ovarian tumors and some established ovarian cancer cells. This abnormal expression correlates with a poor prognosis. Since this dis...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04909.x
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A total of 1,098 serum samples were analyzed against Anaplasma phagocytophilum by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test. These serum samples belonged to four different populations distributed throughout two provinces of Galicia (Ourense and Pontevedra) located in northwestern Spain: bovine population (456 samples); ov...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1374.091
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to quantify the changes in cell membrane conductance in response to electropermeabilization, which may elucidate the mechanisms of tissue injury resulting from high-voltage electrical shock. A high-speed, space-clamp and voltage-clamp experimental configuration was used. The pulse paramet...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10154.x
更新日期：1998-09-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Every year thousands of young teenagers are afflicted with different types of cancer and receive gonadotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens, causing depletion of germ cells in the gonads and premature gonadal failure. In this review, we discuss and outline the current strategies and the future directions of fe...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1429.033
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The thymus produces several putative thymic hormones: thymosin alpha 1, thymulin, and thymopoietin, which have been reported to circulate and to act on both prothymocytes and mature T cells in the periphery, thus maintaining their commitment to the T cell system. These endocrine influences decline with age and are ass...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb27458.x
更新日期：1992-12-26 00:00:00
abstract：:We have presented a perspective of progress in three areas of simulations of complex molecules: the development of force fields for molecular simulation; the application of computer graphics, molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics in simulations of DNA and DNA-drug complexes and the application of computer graphic...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb20954.x
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The sensory and hedonic evaluation of most food-related flavors is mainly dependent on olfactory perception. The sense of smell is able to recognize and discriminate myriads of airborne molecules with great accuracy and sensitivity. The primary processes of odor perception are mediated by the chemosensory olfactory ne...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1433.010
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ticks do not usually infest sympatric hosts species according to their availability in a given environment, and it has been suggested that habitat use by hosts is a major determinant of tick burdens. The knowledge of such infestation patterns and their relationship with host habitat use is important for the control of...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04397.x
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Fractalkine, a CX3C/chemokine (CX3CL1), mediates monocytes-macrophage infiltration in activated endothelium, suggesting its specific role in atherosclerosis-related inflammation. In this study, we evaluate the following in early RA patients: the...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1381.004
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nanotechnology provides multifunctional agents for in vivo use that increasingly blur the distinction between pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Realization of such therapeutic nanodevices requires multidisciplinary effort that is difficult for individual device developers to sustain, and identification of appropria...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1305.012
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiac afferent neurons are activated in the setting of myocardial ischemia and mediate the sensation of angina. However, the precise stimuli and receptive molecules responsible are not completely understood. To further investigate the molecular components involved, cardiac afferents were isolated in dissociated cult...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03669.x
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Loss of sympathetic nerve fibers (SNFs) occurs in inflamed tissue; and select semaphorins, upregulated during inflammation, stimulate repulsion/loss of SNFs. However, it is unknown whether other factors released locally in inflamed tissue, such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and 17β-estradiol, are also repellent. In ord...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06628.x
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The W-curve is a numerical mapping algorithm that provides tertiary information content of long and short genomic sequences. The most popular genomic pattern recognition algorithms depend on string matching of the primary information content of short genomic sequences. Herein, we describe a way to define the fuzzy pro...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04887.x
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thymosin alpha 1, originally isolated as the compound responsible for reconstitution of immune function in thymectomized animal models, has enjoyed a wide-ranging clinical development program over the past decades, extending across multiple companies, indications, countries, and continents. This paper provides an over...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05482.x
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The avoidance of autoimmunity requires mechanisms to actively silence or tolerize self reactive T cells in the periphery. During infection, dendritic cells are not only capturing microbial antigens, but also are processing self antigens from dying cells as well as innocuous environmental proteins. Since the dendritic ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06029.x
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A body of information obtained by experiments with intact tissues, isolated cells, and sarcolemmal vesicles indicates, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a specific Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange system exists in vascular smooth muscle. However, its role in the regulation of cytosolic free-Ca2+ concentration and cell tension under ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb17346.x
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We are performing genomic searches in randomly ascertained families to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence atherosclerosis and its risk factors. The genetic markers used for genomic searches are random microsatellite markers distributed throughout the human chromosomes. These markers are used fo...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06295.x
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The factor Xa inhibitor apixaban is one of the novel anticoagulants to emerge as alternatives to long-standing standards of care that include low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin. The development of apixaban reflects a strategy to optimize the clinical pharmacology profile, dosing posology, trial designs, and sta...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/nyas.12567
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Imatinib is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias and other malignancies. An important clinical observation is that imatinib can affect the function of normal nonmalignant cells resulting in myelosuppression in treated patients. This observation is s...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1349.022
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Globally, increasing acquired antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria presents an urgent challenge to human and animal health. As a result, significant efforts, such as the One Health Initiative, are underway to curtail and optimize the use of critically important antimicrobials for human medicine in all ap...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/nyas.14058
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The validity of waist circumference and sagittal diameter as surrogate measures of visceral fat were assessed using preliminary cross-sectional data from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, a cohort of 3,075 men and women aged 70-79. Weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist/thigh ratio, and sagitt...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06501.x
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the most remarkable aspects of the immune system is its ability to fashion an immune response most appropriate to the activating stimulus. Although the immune system possesses a number of adaptations to accomplish this, an important theme is local immune regulation by site-specific expression of receptors and l...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1326.037
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
