Abstract:
:The development of the fetal adrenal medulla can be considered an integral part of the complex process of maturation and preparation of the fetus for extrauterine life. Our understanding of the fetal sympathoadrenal function is facilitated by the relative separation that exists between the maternal and fetal catecholamine secretion and metabolism. There is accumulating evidence that the catecholamines fulfill a vital role at the time of delivery by controlling nonshivering thermogenesis and cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms. They also may play a role in the carbohydrate metabolism by triggering the neonatal glucagon surge, known to be important to the augmentation of hepatic glucose output in the newborn. Though the role of epinephrine in the adaptation of the human neonatal lung to extrauterine life remains to be defined, it may be extrapolated from experimental data that the secretion of surfactant from type II alveolar cells is dependent on epinephrine. Additional studies are needed to broaden our understanding of the process of adrenal medullary maturation and responses in the fetus. Further studies will have to e done to define all the roles the catecholamines play in fetal life. The refinement of methodology in recent years will facilitate this task. It is our belief that in the near future catecholamine determinations will be utilized to quantify and evaluate fetal stress in conjunction with biophysical assessments.
journal_name
Clin Obstet Gynecoljournal_title
Clinical obstetrics and gynecologyauthors
Artal Rsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1980-09-01 00:00:00pages
825-36issue
3eissn
0009-9201issn
1532-5520journal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) are relatively common disorders that are particularly relevant in patients with infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, or a history of preterm labor. Accurate characterization of MDAs is crucial to the implementation of appropriate treatment. Various imaging modalities have been used in...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181958439
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abdominal myomectomy and hysterectomy remain the traditional treatment of large symptomatic uterine myomas. The preoperative indications for abdominal myomectomy or hysterectomy must be clearly evaluated and delineated avoid unnecessary intervention. There appears to be an increasing trend toward expectant management ...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-200106000-00024
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent clinical trials indicate that EA is feasible. The use of ancillary tools, such as ultrasound, requires only a slight modification of the previously established techniques for MA. The amniotic fluid can be obtained and cultured. Combining the reported populations sampled, the procedural and cytogenetic failu...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-198806000-00011
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Benign breast diseases are common and encompass a spectrum of disorders. The majority of diagnoses will stem from a patient presenting with symptoms such as a mass or discomfort, or as a result of breast imaging which shows abnormalities leading to percutaneous biopsy. When mammographic and pathologic findings are dis...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e318208010e
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A brief review of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia has been presented. Attempts have been made to identify the high-risk patient, and etiologic considerations have been detailed. The conservative management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is available and applicable to many patients. Regardless of the definiti...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-198003000-00021
更新日期:1980-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent review of the literature on thrombophilia and adverse pregnancy outcome (APO) reveals contradictory findings. We have limited our review of literature mostly to the most recent decade. On the basis of our review, screening for thrombophilias with a history of APO (preeclampsia, abruptio placenta, intrauterine...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/01.grf.0000211954.66959.e1
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In summary, ultrasound plays an important role in the evaluation of the postterm pregnancy, and its use should be considered in the following situations: 1) estimation of fetal weight in the potentially macrosomic infant before vaginal delivery is attempted; 2) frequent evaluation for oligohydramnios using the amnioti...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-198906000-00008
更新日期:1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is compelling data and a rationale for embarking on screening to identify pregnant women with some of the multiple classes of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. However, the evidence to support such screening and treatment is lacking. Several important trials are underway or undergoing peer review that may provide...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31822e27e3
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Urinary tract infection in women has its origin, predominantly, via ascending bacteria from the periurethral microflora. Asymptomatic bacteriuria, except for the pregnant patient, need not be treated. E. coli is the most common bacterium to cause UTIs, and is usually susceptible to oral antibiotics. Patients who are h...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-199809000-00030
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::State Perinatal Quality Collaboratives (PQCs) represent a major advance for scaling up quality improvement efforts for reducing maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity. The critical roles of partners, rapid-cycle low-burden data systems, and linkage to maternal mortality review committees are reviewed. The ch...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000361
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Embolic phenomena in pregnancy demand rapid investigation and treatment. Regardless, some patients will not survive due to the enormity of the insult. Optimally, such patients should be treated in tertiary care centers, but this is not always possible. ...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-199009000-00013
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The importance of nutrition during pregnancy with regard to pregnancy outcome has long been acknowledged. This importance has only been further emphasized by the recent changes in food quality and availability, lifestyle changes, and a new understanding of fetal programming on adult outcomes. The impact of the recent ...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31816fda53
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We live in a turbulant period with regard to interpersonal relationships. Individuals place great emphasis on their ability to form good relationships. It is a time of desiring and searching; desiring to be engaged in a rewarding relationship and searching for any principles which might promote such involvement. Obste...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00003081-197803000-00014
更新日期:1978-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The application of real-time imaging to the study of fetal morphology and function is an exciting advance. Rapid accurate study of fetal dynamics is possible with this apparently safe, noninvasive technique. Animal studies have revealed the general physiology of fetal breathing movements, which are now under extensive...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00003081-197706000-00014
更新日期:1977-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increasingly, patients are expecting to be more involved than they traditionally have been in medical and surgical decision making. The unilateral process of informed consent is evolving into one of informed collaborative choice. Hysterectomy is a procedure that is frequently performed when reasonable surgical and non...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-199712000-00022
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accurate assessment of uterine activity during labor is essential to promote optimal patient outcomes. This review provides clinicians with information to develop an evidence-based, standardized approach to the evaluation and management of uterine activity during labor including identification and treatment of excessi...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31820a06aa
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between the clinical state of the cervix and spontaneous onset of labor has long been known. The cervix can be characterized by evaluating five parameters: effacement, dilatation, firmness, position, and level of the presenting part. The relative associations between successful labor induction and the...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-199506000-00005
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Today, reproductive surgery has a limited place. In selected cases such as young women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic adhesions, and endometriosis, surgery could be considered. Most operations can be performed by laparoscopy; these include tubal anastomosis that yields a high pregnancy rate. On ...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181b08b5f
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Magnetic resonance imaging has a complementary role in obstetrical imaging to ultrasound (US). Although US has advantages as an initial imaging technique, there are significant numbers of patients who cannot be adequately evaluated for a variety of reasons including calvarial calcification, oligoanhydramnios, or simpl...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3182487d04
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Counseling regarding the options for aneuploidy risk assessment is complicated and requires thorough counseling with the patient. Second trimester serum risk assessment has been the gold standard because of widespread availability, low cost, and vast experience with counseling and performance. First trimester risk ass...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31804c9b99
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this review I have briefly outlined some of the cellular and molecular reasons for dystocia. I have described the myogenic, that may control the normal progression of labor and explain inadequate uterine contractility associated with dystocia. I have placed particular emphasis on our studies of gap junctions and th...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-198703000-00004
更新日期:1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uterine rupture is an important cause of obstetrical hemorrhage associated with morbidity for mother and fetus. Risk factors should be discussed in the counseling process. Intrapartum findings including maternal condition, fetal heart rate monitoring, and uterine activity may prove helpful in making the diagnosis of a...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181cc4538
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ethics in reproductive genetics comprise descriptive ethics and normative ethics. Ethical problems before prenatal diagnosis involve genetic counseling and informed consent for the choice patients must make. Prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis is controversial. An international survey of geneticists showed that ...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00003081-199212000-00009
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relevance of extraneous factors on fetal and neonatal respiratory gas exchange and acid-base balance must be considered when interpreting umbilical cord blood values. However, although many of these factors can alter these values to a minor degree, the clinical impact is negligible in the unstressed fetus. The mor...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-199303000-00009
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pregnant health care workers (HCW) may be exposed to pathogens during routine patient care duties. Although they do not seem to be at higher risk for infection compared with nonpregnant HCW, certain infections can be associated with increased maternal morbidity, mortality, and adverse perinatal outcomes. Primary preve...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31824f3a07
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' guidelines on vaginal birth after cesarean had both intended and unintended consequences for anesthesiologists. Epidural analgesia continues to play an important role in patient acceptance of a trial of labor after prior cesarean delivery. It does not impact the suc...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3182618937
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The addition of the human papillomavirus vaccination and the 2006 national guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cytology have led to significant changes in the management of cervical disease among adolescents. This article reviews recommendations for prevention, screening, diagnosis, and management of ce...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e318172d0dc
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The simple mnemonic ABCDE summarizes the five key principles of neonatal resuscitation: 1. Airway 2. Breathing 3. Circulation 4. Drugs 5. Evaluation of concurrent and causative problems and maintenance of a neutral thermal Environment. ...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-198709000-00015
更新日期:1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recurrent pregnancy loss affects up to 5% of couples trying to establish a family. Evaluation classically begins after 3 consecutive miscarriages of less than 10 weeks of gestation but may be warranted earlier if a prior miscarriage was found to be euploid, or if there is concomitant infertility and/or advancing mater...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31802f1c28
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In summary, accurate identification of fetal growth disorders remains a difficult clinical challenge. Many diagnostic parameters have been devised to diagnose these conditions, however, no single test alone allows a confident antenatal diagnosis of IUGR or macrosomia to be established. Until new criteria or new method...
journal_title:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003081-198803000-00007
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00