Abstract：
RATIONALE:The role of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in youth has received much attention in recent years due to concerns of efficacy and safety of the antidepressants for the treatment of MDD in youth. OBJECTIVES:This review describes the existing published and unpublished literature regarding the efficacy and short-term safety of the antidepressants and decision-making process required for the use of these medications for youth with MDD. In addition, current continuation and maintenance treatments are discussed. RESULTS:In general, nine depressed youth must be treated with an antidepressant to obtain one clinical response above that achieved with placebo. To date, fluoxetine has showed the most consistent positive treatment effects. Depressed youth had also acutely responded to other antidepressants, but the response to placebo has also been high. Overall, the antidepressants are well tolerated, but 1-3 children and adolescents of 100 taking antidepressants showed onset or worsening of suicidal ideation and, more rarely, suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS:There is a positive risk-benefit ratio for the use of antidepressants in the acute treatment of depressed youth. First-line antidepressant treatment with-or without-specific types of psychotherapy is indicated for youth with MDD of at least moderate severity. All youth taking antidepressants must be closely monitored for suicidality and medication side effects. Many youth will likely require psychotherapy or additional medication treatments to address comorbid disorders. Treatments to prevent relapses and recurrences require further study.
journal_name
Psychopharmacology (Berl)journal_title
Psychopharmacologyauthors
Boylan K,Romero S,Birmaher Bdoi
10.1007/s00213-006-0442-zsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-03-01 00:00:00pages
27-38issue
1eissn
0033-3158issn
1432-2072journal_volume
191pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：RATIONALE:Whilst the deleterious effects of alcohol on retrospective remembering have been widely documented, no study has yet objectively determined alcohol's effects on prospective memory (PM)--remembering to do something in the future. OBJECTIVES:With this aim, the present study determined the acute effects of alco...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00213-009-1546-z
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES:Footshock stress reliably reinstates heroin seeking in rats, but the time course of the development of this effect following drug withdrawal is not known. Here we studied the effect of intermittent footshock stress on reinstatement of heroin seeking following different withdrawal periods (1-66 ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130100748
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Alzheimer disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. A combination of cholinergic and glutamatergic dysfunction appears to underlie the symptomatology of AD, and thus, treatment strategies should address impairments in both systems. Evidence sugges...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00213-008-1092-0
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:On the heels of clozapine, we now have a number of newer agents (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, sertindole, and ziprasidone). Are they all the same? What are the differences? How do we best understand them? In this article we review current clinical evidence to compare these issues on four measures of atypicalit...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s002130050017
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Piper methysticum extract (kava kava) possesses numerous therapeutic properties, but it is unknown which of its principle constituents (kavalactones) subserve such effects. OBJECTIVES:This experiment sought to characterize the putative anxiolytic properties of P. methysticum extract and its six principle kav...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130100686
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of 4 weeks of treatment with the selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibiting antidepressant clorgyline and pargyline on the sleep of affectively disordered patients were studied. Both inhibitors resulted in near total suppression of REM sleep, a decrease in total sleep time, and an increase in the percent...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/BF00432251
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A study was performed to examine behavioral response to a challenge of selective dopamine D-1 and D-2 agonists in rats previously sensitized by subchronic administration of methamphetamine or cocaine. Rats in three groups received repeated injections (IP) of saline, methamphetamine (4 mg/kg/day) or cocaine (20 mg/kg/d...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02247125
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Successive negative contrast (SNC) describes a change in the behaviour of an animal following a downshift in the quantitative or qualitative value of an expected reward. This behavioural response has been hypothesised to be linked to affective state, with negative states associated with larger and/or prolonge...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-015-3905-2
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Each morning eight adults with caffeine versus placebo discrimination histories ingested letter-coded capsules containing 100 mg caffeine or placebo and then engaged in a relaxation or vigilance activity. Subjects were first exposed to caffeine and placebo once each with each activity. Then each day for 10 days subjec...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/BF02249332
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Neuromedin-U (NmU) is an agonist at NMU1R and NMU2R. The brain distribution of NmU and its receptors, in particular NMU2R, suggests widespread central roles for NmU. In agreement, centrally administered NmU affects feeding behaviour, energy expenditure and pituitary output. Further central nervous system (CNS...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-004-1918-3
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Many of the biochemical, physiological, and behavioral effects of ethanol are known to be mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors. Emerging evidence implicates metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the biobehavioral effects of ethanol and other drugs of abuse, but there is little information regardi...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-005-0217-y
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The notion that the onset of action of antidepressant drugs (ADs) takes weeks is widely accepted; however, the sequence of events necessary for therapeutic effects still remains obscure. OBJECTIVE:We aimed to evaluate a time-course of ADs-induced alterations in the expression of 95 selected genes in 4 region...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-012-2714-0
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The behavioral effects of intraventricularly (IVT) administered (-)-nicotine on food-maintained behavior were studied. Rats responded by pressing a lever under various fixed ratio (FR) schedules. Infusion of 5 microgram of (-)-nicotine suppressed responding under an FR 16 schedule for 11-13 min. The effect was inverse...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00432762
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Exposure to a single session of uncontrollable inescapable shock (IS), but not to identical controllable escapable shock, produces a potentiation of morphine's rewarding properties that is unusual in that the stressor can be given a number of days before the drug administration in an environment quite differe...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-003-1572-1
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and ethanolamine-O-sulphate (EOS) alone and in combination were tested on the acquisition and performance of continuous reinforcement - time out (CR-TO) and variable interval reinforcement - time out (VI-TO) operant discriminations in rats. CDP disrupted acquisition of CR-TO discrimin...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00310620
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Withdrawal was precipitated by naloxone at different intervals, up to 22.5 h, following a last maintenance injection in morphine-dependent rats. Different symptoms of withdrawal were found to be preeminent following different morphine-naloxone intervals. Locomotor activity, jumping, and writhing were precipitated most...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00426773
更新日期：1977-10-20 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Clinical observations have shown that pain sensitivity is altered in some schizophrenic patients. OBJECTIVES:To study alterations in pain sensitivity, the ketamine model in schizophrenia research was employed. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Rats were subchronically injected with the dissociative anaesthetic ketamine...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-006-0557-2
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant drugs appears to be related to their ability in producing neuroadaptive changes that restore normal brain function. Activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein (Arc) is an effector immediate early gene that plays a fundamental role in activity-dependent neural pla...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-008-1276-7
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES:Previous studies show that electrical stimulation of the ventral subiculum (vSub) can reinstate drug-seeking behavior in rats following extinction. This study examined whether vSub stimulation could also evoke reinitiation of d-amphetamine (d-AMPH) self-administration during voluntary abstinenc...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-002-1337-2
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:An acute challenge with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can induce psychotic symptoms including delusions. High electroencephalography (EEG) frequencies, above 20 Hz, have previously been implicated in psychosis and schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this study is to determine the effect of intrav...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-014-3684-1
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was designed to compare the therapeutic and adverse effects of tranylcypromine (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor), nortriptyline (a tricyclic antidepressant), and placebo. A total of 122 depressed outpatients randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with one of these agents completed the 4-week protocol. Tr...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/BF00427786
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Buprenorphine is a low-efficacy mu opioid agonist that can reduce drug taking in opioid abusers; however, the mechanism by which buprenorphine modifies the actions of other drug taking and the consequences of repeated treatment with buprenorphine are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE:The purposes of this study...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-001-0943-8
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Typical neuroleptic medications are still administered to as many as 40% of patients receiving antipsychotic treatment in the US. Intermittent administration or interruption of long-term neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia may increase the incidence of human tardive dyskinesias, and similarly may produce...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130000572
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia is a widely used pain model in rodents. However, characteristics of carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and effects of analgesic drugs under these conditions are unknown in nonhuman primates. OBJECTIVE:The aims of this study were to develop carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia in rh...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-013-3341-0
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats were presented with noise bursts alone or noise bursts 60 ms after presentation of either a 60 dB or an 80 dB prepulse after injection of the dopamine agonists apomorphine (3 mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (4 mg/kg), the glycine antagonist strychnine (1.5 mg/kg) or the alpha 2 antagonist yohimbine (5 mg/kg). Presentatio...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00174500
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two experiments investigated the effect of alcohol on retrieval of lexical information. In each, volunteers received alcohol (1 ml per kg body weight) in one session and no alcohol in another in counterbalanced order. Experiment 1 was a computerised version of the Mill Hill vocabulary test in which subjects were requi...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00212779
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of the nucleus accumbens septi (ACB) and corpus striatum (CPU) in self-stimulation were investigated by injecting directly or indirectly acting stimulant drugs or a dopamine-(DA)-receptor blocking agent into each site bilaterally. d-Amphetamine (68 nmol) facilitated hypothalamic self-stimulation when injected...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00426546
更新日期：1977-08-31 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The aversive effects of ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are mediated by activity at the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) as assessed in adult animals; however, no studies have assessed KOR involvement in the aversive effects of THC in adolescents. Given that adolescents have been reported to be insensitive to the ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-015-3970-6
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lithium elicits opposite effects on two behavioural syndromes in rats: enhancement of the 5-HT1A-linked serotonin syndrome and attenuation of the 5-HT2-linked wet dog shakes. The ability of intracerebroventricular (ICV) myo-inositol or forskolin to reverse the enhancement of the serotonin syndrome by lithium was teste...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02245842
更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The widespread deficits in cognitive flexibility observed across psychiatric disorders call for improved rodent tests to understand the biology of cognitive flexibility and development of better psychotherapeutics. Current reversal learning paradigms have a forced-choice setup that challenges the interpretati...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-020-05687-6
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
