Abstract：
:The most commonly used chemical mixtures risk assessment methods involve simple notions of additivity and toxicological similarity. Newer methods are emerging in response to the complexities of chemical mixture exposures and effects. Factors based on both science and policy drive decisions regarding whether to conduct a chemical mixtures risk assessment and, if so, which methods to employ. Scientific considerations are based on positive evidence of joint toxic action, elevated human exposure conditions or the potential for significant impacts on human health. Policy issues include legislative drivers that may mandate action even though adequate toxicity data on a specific mixture may not be available and risk assessment goals that impact the choice of risk assessment method to obtain the amount of health protection desired. This paper discusses three important concepts used to choose among available approaches for conducting a chemical mixtures risk assessment: (1) additive joint toxic action of mixture components; (2) toxicological interactions of mixture components; and (3) chemical composition of complex mixtures. It is proposed that scientific support for basic assumptions used in chemical mixtures risk assessment should be developed by expert panels, risk assessment methods experts, and laboratory toxicologists. This is imperative to further develop and refine quantitative methods and provide guidance on their appropriate applications. Risk assessors need scientific support for chemical mixtures risk assessment methods in the form of toxicological data on joint toxic action for high priority mixtures, statistical methods for analyzing dose-response for mixtures, and toxicological and statistical criteria for determining sufficient similarity of complex mixtures.
journal_name
Toxicol Appl Pharmacoljournal_title
Toxicology and applied pharmacologyauthors
Teuschler LKdoi
10.1016/j.taap.2006.07.010subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-09-01 00:00:00pages
139-47issue
2eissn
0041-008Xissn
1096-0333pii
S0041-008X(06)00262-6journal_volume
223pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Simple alkylating agents induce cell death by activating the apoptotic pathway. In rodent fibroblasts, apoptosis triggered by DNA methylation lesions is executed via the mitochondrial damage pathway. Here, we studied cell death induced by the methylating agents methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nit...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2005.02.034
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:KYKZL-1, a newly synthesized compound with COX/5-LOX dual inhibition, was subjected to the anti-inflammatory activity test focusing on its modulation of inflammatory mediators as well as intracellular MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. In acute ear edema model, pretreatment with KYKZL-1 (p.o.) dose-dependently inhibit...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.025
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(85)90327-8
更新日期：1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a potent hepatocarcinogen in female but not in male rats. In an initiation-promotion model, ovariectomy inhibits TCDD-induced cell replication and reduces both TCDD-induced tumor formation and the promotion of enzyme-altered hepatocellular foci (AHF). The aim of this study...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.2001.9166
更新日期：2001-05-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.2000.9028
更新日期：2000-10-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2003.12.011
更新日期：2004-04-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.013
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1993.1105
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Corticosteroids will induce cleft palate in mice. One suggested mechanism for this effect is through inhibition of phospholipase activity. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the effects of dexamethasone, a synthetic corticosteroid, on phospholipase activity in cultures of palate mesenchymal cells. Palate mesenchy...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(84)90207-2
更新日期：1984-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The correlation among hyperammonemia, brain neutral amino acid, and encephalopathy induced by cyanide was investigated in mice. Subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg of potassium cyanide increased the levels of blood ammonia by 2.5-fold as compared to those of the corresponding controls and caused loss of consciousness i...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(89)90150-6
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(87)90007-x
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Blooms of Pfiesteria piscicida, a dinoflagellate in eastern U.S. coastal rivers, are believed to secrete toxins that kill fish and produce short-term memory loss in humans. Only one or two of Pfiesteria's multiple stages secrete the toxin, and only under certain environmental conditions. Thus, neither the presence of ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.2000.9042
更新日期：2000-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Often, chemotherapy by doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is limited due to life threatening cardiotoxicity in patients during and posttherapy. Recently, we have shown that moderate diet restriction remarkably protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. This cardioprotection is accompanied by decreased cardiac oxidativ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2008.05.006
更新日期：2008-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Benzene is a potent bone marrow toxicant. While all blood cell types are targets for benzene poisoning, lymphocytes are particularly sensitive. The immunotoxic consequences of benzene or its metabolites have been demonstrated in a number of in vitro studies; however, little data exist regarding the effects of benzene ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(85)90395-3
更新日期：1985-09-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Carcinogenic chromium (VI) compounds are persistent environmental contaminants with potential for human exposure through drinking water. One lesion associated with chromium (VI) exposure is the formation of DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC). In an attempt to develop markers of chromium exposure, the formation of DPC in lym...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(91)90191-g
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chloroform is a nongenotoxic-cytotoxic liver and kidney carcinogen and nasal toxicant in some strains and sexes of rodents. Substantial evidence indicates that tumor induction is secondary to events associated with cytolethality and regenerative cell proliferation. Therefore, pathways leading to toxicity, such as meta...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1999.8756
更新日期：1999-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been reported to inhibit the activity of Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET). TET modulates FOXP3 expression, while dysregulation of FOXP3 expression promotes the malignant progression of leukemia cells. We examined the role of TET-FOXP3 axis in the cytotoxic effects of...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.008
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Arsenic is a well-documented human carcinogen and is known to cause oxidative stress in cultured cells and animals. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship among the levels of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), the arsenic profile, and urothelial carcinoma (UC). Urinary 8-...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2007.08.021
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An experimental model of endotoxin-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) into the serum of C57BL/6J mice congenic at the Ah locus was used to investigate the effects of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on TNF production. TCDD exposure of Ah-responsive mice (Ahbb) resulted in a dose-dependent i...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(91)90247-c
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(87)90144-x
更新日期：1987-09-30 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2011.07.011
更新日期：2011-10-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2012.02.016
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic arsenic exposure through contaminated drinking water is a major environmental health issue. Chronic arsenic exposure is known to exert its toxic effects by a variety of mechanisms, of which generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most important. A high level of ROS, in turn, leads to DNA dama...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2010.08.013
更新日期：2010-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Arsenic-induced side effects limit its application in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). We recently demonstrated that AS3MT 14215 (rs3740390) genotypes were associated with urinary arsenic metabolites and hematological and biochemical values. To further decipher the role of AS3MT genotypes on arseni...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2019.114687
更新日期：2019-09-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2007.06.018
更新日期：2007-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent anti-neoplastic antibiotic used to treat a variety of malignancies; however, its use is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated arachidonic acid metabolites and the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular disease...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2009.09.012
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(84)90092-9
更新日期：1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:3-Methylindole (3-MI) is a pneumotoxic metabolite of L-tryptophan that can form in the digestive tracts of humans and ruminants as a result of microbial protein metabolism. Alternatively, human lungs can be directly exposed to 3-MI formed during protein pyrolysis and inhalation of tobacco smoke. 3-MI has been shown to...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(91)90001-u
更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The concept of toxicovigilance encompasses the active detection, validation and follow-up of clinical adverse events related to toxic exposures in human beings. Poison centers are key players in this function as poisoning statistics are essential to define the cause, incidence and severity of poisonings occurring in t...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2005.02.019
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Technical grade dinitrotoluene (DNT) is hepatocarcinogenic when fed to rats. DNT is oxidatively metabolized by hepatic enzymes and reductively metabolized by rat intestinal microflora in vitro. The objectives of the present studies were to determine the importance of bile as a route of excretion for DNT metabolites an...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(83)90279-x
更新日期：1983-05-01 00:00:00
