Abstract：
:The only Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, led a long and eventful life. He was a Mississippi planter, a husband, a father, West Point graduate, war hero, congressman, senator, secretary of war, and finally President of the Confederate States of America. In many ways he was a study of contrast with his northern counterpart, Abraham Lincoln. Davis was personally courageous and a rich, educated, southern aristocrat who did not deeply understand the political process or have the refined personal skills necessary to work well with others. Prior to his Presidency he served with distinction in two wars, but as a result of his confederate activity and pro-slavery philosophy he is one of the least discussed famous Americans. Davis's health was a constant problem and he suffered an almost fatal attack of "malaria" in 1836. In the winter of 1857-1858 he again was seriously ill and by the end of February 1858 a chronic, relapsing, ocular inflammatory condition began. Using historical evidence from multiple sources, this paper will propose a diagnosis of the Confederate President's ocular condition and consider how this could have influenced his military and political decisions.
journal_name
Surv Ophthalmoljournal_title
Survey of ophthalmologyauthors
Hertle RW,Spellman Rdoi
10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.08.007subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-11-01 00:00:00pages
596-600issue
6eissn
0039-6257issn
1879-3304pii
S0039-6257(06)00141-Xjournal_volume
51pub_type
传,历史文章,杂志文章abstract：:The endothelium influences local vascular tone by releasing endothelium-derived relaxing factors such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin and a putative hyperpolarizing factor. In isolated ophthalmic arteries and the perfused eye, all endothelial factors importantly contribute to vascular regulation. In larger ophthalmic ve...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(94)90157-0
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glaucoma is often characterized by decreased pressure-sensitive aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork. This defect in pressure-sensitive aqueous outflow is evident from the low tonographic facility of outflow ("C") measured in many patients. The impairment in outflow facility causes the high intraocular pres...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00003-1
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mitochondrial diseases frequently manifest neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms and signs. Because of the predilection of mitochondrial disorders to involve the optic nerves, extraocular muscles, retina, and even the retrochiasmal visual pathways, the ophthalmologist is often the first physician to be consulted. Disorders ca...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.10.002
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An 81-year-old-woman developed a right facial palsy and orbital cellulitis following an apparently innocuous puncture injury of the right lower eyelid. Generalized tetanus ensued which proved fatal despite aggressive treatment including use of tetanus immune globulin, wound debridement, and neuromuscular blockade with...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(87)90118-4
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The presence of retinal vasculopathy in the absence of typical predisposing factors should suggest a possible underlying hematologic abnormality. In such cases, a systemic investigation may reveal a potentially fatal hypercoagulability or hyperviscosity syndrome. Retinal vein occlusion is the most commonly encountered...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.10.006
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium is a prominent feature of many chorio-retinal disease processes, the most prevalent of which is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium may or may not be associated with choroidal neovascularization and may be caused by different...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.02.008
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thymoxamine is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent which works by competitive antagonism of norepinephrine. It is the only alpha-adrenergic blocker available which has tolerable side effects when used as an ophthalmic solution. When used as a 0.5% solution it consistently produces miosis without affecting the intraocul...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(80)90150-2
更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With an occurrence of approximately 1 in 3000 births, von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF) is one of the most common inherited human disorders. NF is considered a neurocristopathy, a disorder of neural crest derived cells. One of the complications of NF is the development of neural crest derived malignancies such...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(89)90014-3
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a form of inherited night blindness. Over decades, various dubious treatment strategies that lacked sufficient theoretically sound underpinnings were explored. Initially they were enthusiastically promoted and subsequently discredited. It is apparent that many were predicated on the errone...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.04.002
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ten cases of naturally occurring dendritic keratitis (feline herpes keratitis), which are manifestations of the disease commonly known as feline viral rhinotracheitis, have been identified in domestic cats in San Fancisco. Neonatal, juvenile, and adult forms of the disease are described and their treatment is discusse...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(76)90102-8
更新日期：1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Invasive mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the conjunctiva of the left lower eyelid was diagnosed in an orbital exenteration specimen of a 57-year-old woman, after a biopsy of the same lesion was originally diagnosed as invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The woman was undergoing mitomycin C injections for ocular cicatricial ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.06.012
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Given the recent interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), some patients may seek such treatments to supplement their traditional glaucoma management. The prevalence of CAM use for glaucoma is approximately 5%. We reviewed the literature to determine the potential benefit of various alternative treatme...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00233-8
更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is common for healthy children with specific visual complaints to be seen for eye examinations. After a complete eye examination has ruled out pathologic conditions as the cause of these complaints, it is appropriate for the clinician to explore the possibility that normal entoptic or physiologic visual phenomena m...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00078-8
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging techniques provides the physician with a non-invasive means of obtaining anatomic, physiologic and biochemical information about neuro-ophthalmic disorders. The authors summarize the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and present a case report illustr...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(84)90116-4
更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sphingolipids are a ubiquitous membrane lipid present in every cell and found most abundantly in neural tissues. Disorders such as Tay-Sachs or Niemann-Pick disease are the most familiar examples of dysfunction in sphingolipid metabolism and are typically associated with neurodegeneration and ocular findings such as b...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.02.005
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glaucomatous optic neuropathy implies loss of retinal ganglion cells, including their axons, and a major tissue remodeling, especially in the optic nerve head. Although increased intraocular pressure is a major risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy, there is little doubt that other factors such as ocular blood...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.06.006
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 23-year-old male presented with bilateral sclerokeratitis. He reported recent bronchitis, sinusitis, dyspnea on exertion, hemoptysis, arthralgias and myalgias. Wegener's granulomatosis was diagnosed by a positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) test and a nasal and subglotic biopsy showing granulomato...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(93)90067-h
更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Based on their mechanism of action, the most frequently used ocular hypertensive agents, the beta-blockers, cannot be assumed to reduce IOP during sleep. The need for drugs that reduce IOP around-the-clock is underscored, however, by the fact that inadequate nocturnal ocular perfusion pressure is considered to be one ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(97)80021-5
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The definition of glaucoma has changed over the decades from a simple ocular pressure disease to a systemic disorder of multivariate etiology. Glaucoma may be defined for the individual eye as a chronic ocular disease with various underlying pathophysiologic disorders. However, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is s...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.08.024
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Abnormal eye movements in the infant or voting child can be congenital or acquired. They may be a result of abnormal early visual development or a sign of underlying neurologic or neuromuscular disease. It is important to be able to detect these abnormalities and to distinguish them from normal but immature eye moveme...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00114-4
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A macular hole is a full-thickness defect of retinal tissue involving the anatomic fovea, thereby affecting central visual acuity. Macular holes have been associated with myriad ocular conditions and originally were described in the setting of trauma. The pathogenesis of idiopathic, age-related macular holes remains u...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(97)00132-x
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Topically administered ophthalmic medications are capable of attaining clinically important serum concentrations, as evidenced by the variety of systemic side effects they can produce. These drugs are therefore also capable of interacting with other drugs administered orally and intravenously. This is especially impor...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(90)90090-i
更新日期：1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of intravitreal (IVT) corticosteroids for treatment of posterior segment diseases has increased significantly over the last decade. A commonly recognized complication of IVT steroids is secondary ocular hypertension (OHT) that can occur immediately secondary to direct intraocular volume increase or weeks to mo...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.08.003
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Botulinum toxin has become the initial treatment of choice for the management of essential blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and other craniocervical dystonias. Numerous studies have confirmed a 90% to 95% response rate. Although a number of common side effects have been reported, the occurrence and incidence of rare lo...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(97)81995-9
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Orbital aspergillosis is an uncommon but serious infection that may first present to the ophthalmologist. Usually arising from the paranasal sinuses, it may present in manifold ways within the orbit. Some presentations, such as optic nerve involvement, can respond to systemic corticosteroids, leading to delays in diag...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(96)80004-x
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) is known to reside in the trigeminal ganglia. Our studies show that the temporary retrobulbar disruption of trigeminal nerve function in chronically infected animals caused a striking decrease in the number of positive HSV cultures obtained during the 20 weeks immediately following su...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(76)90098-9
更新日期：1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 74-year-old woman experienced chronic painless progressive binocular horizontal diplopia for 2 years. Initial examination showed a visual acuity of 20/20 OU. External and slit lamp examination was unremarkable. Orthoptic evaluation showed an incomitant esotropia, a small vertical strabismus, and a large degree of ex...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.10.006
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A total of 85 eyes (75 patients) with pseudogliomas (i.e., certain conditions which simulate retinoblastoma, were examined histopathologically to determine the incidence of rubeosis iridis. Neovascularization of the anterior surface of the iris was found in 70 eyes (82%). The principal associated changes in these eyes...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(80)90151-4
更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent research on classical red-green blind observers has shown that complete dichromacy may be present only under conditions where the viewing angle is small. For viewing angles greater than about 4 degrees, both rods and an anomalous cone have been shown to underlie a weak form of trichromacy. The conditions for ro...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(83)90230-8
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Caspar Stromayr, ophthalmologist and hernia surgeon, is credited with writing the first German ophthalmic work of known authorship. Written in about 1559 as an appendix to Practica Copiosa, a larger work on hernia surgery, the ophthalmic chapters describe Stromayr's thoughts on the etiology and treatment of cataract. ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(90)90072-4
更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00
