Abstract：
:A series of ballistic, unidirectional arm movements were studied to evaluate the electromyographic (EMG) and neuromuscular force patterns that occur when a limb is unexpectedly perturbed. Multiple training trials were continued with a control load spring attached to the apparatus until a pre-specified criterion for learning was attained. The limb was then unexpectedly loaded with one of four test load springs. Examination of the integrated EMG records revealed a coactivation pattern of neuromuscular activity during a major part of the movement. Analysis of applied force data supported the notion of sustained agonist activity. Reciprocal innervation and coactivation patterns were considered in terms of a common motor control system as proposed by the equilibrium point control hypothesis. Manifestation of coactivation rather than reciprocation in the present study was discussed in terms of the execution of unloaded/inertially loaded movements and variable loaded movements.
journal_name
Brain Resjournal_title
Brain researchauthors
Richardson C,Simmons RWdoi
10.1016/0006-8993(85)90741-3subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1985-09-23 00:00:00pages
246-51issue
2eissn
0006-8993issn
1872-6240pii
0006-8993(85)90741-3journal_volume
343pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
BRAIN RESEARCH文献大全abstract：:The role of histamine in mediating restraint stress-induced alterations in dopaminergic neuronal activity and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha MSH) secretion was evaluated in male rats. Dopaminergic neuronal activity was estimated by measuring concentrations of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylace...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(94)90399-9
更新日期：1994-08-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucose inhibits ∼60% of lateral hypothalamic (LH) orexin neurons. Fasting increases the activation of LH orexin glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons in low glucose. Increases in spontaneous glutamate excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) onto putative VTA DA neurons in low glucose are orexin dependent (Sheng et al., 20...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.025
更新日期：2020-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Diazoxide (DZ), a highly selective opener of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoK(ATP)) channel, has neuroprotective effects. However, the mechanism of DZ protecting hippocampal neurons against cell death in pilocarpine-induced seizures is unknown. In this study, we investigated DZ attenuating neuronal los...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.037
更新日期：2011-04-06 00:00:00
abstract：:A combined retrograde transport and immunocytochemical study was carried out to determine the projections of the large glycine-immunoreactive neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the contralateral cochlear nucleus, and cochlear nucleus sections were ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(87)90285-x
更新日期：1987-07-07 00:00:00
abstract：:The 2,3-benzodiazepine derivative GYKI 52466 has been well characterized as a negative modulator of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. The present study re-examined the effects of GYKI 52466 on AMPA receptor-mediated currents in patches excised from pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 field and found that this drug h...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03323-0
更新日期：2001-02-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuropeptides, including substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and somatostatin (SS) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) may play a role in neurogenic inflammation and pain transmission. Adrenal corticosteroids regulate neuropeptide synthesis in some areas of the CNS and may modulate neurogenic inflammatio...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(91)91347-4
更新日期：1991-11-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured in cultured explants of myenteric plexus neurones by using the fluorescent calcium indicator Indol in combination with patch-clamp techniques. The basal [Ca2+]i was 94 nM and spontaneous oscillations in the internal free calcium concentration were recorde...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(93)90065-u
更新日期：1993-10-08 00:00:00
abstract：:The petrosal ganglia contain the somata of the sensory fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerves, innervating structures of the tongue, pharynx, carotid sinus and carotid body. Petrosal ganglia were excised from adult cats and their neurons were dissociated and kept in tissue culture for 7-12 days. Intracellular recording...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02817-1
更新日期：2000-11-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of embryonic hippocampal tissue to promote regeneration of cholinergic axons in the septohippocampal system has been studied in adult rats. Strips of embryonic hippocampus, taken from 7-40 mm rat fetuses, were implanted into a 2-3 mm wide cavity which completely transected the septal cholinergic axons inne...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(81)90893-3
更新日期：1981-04-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression changes in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord in some pain models. Recently, rat BDNF transcripts containing novel 5' untranslated exons were identified and characterized, and a new numbering system for rat BDNF exons was introduced. We examined the expre...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.004
更新日期：2008-04-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were measured in the rat retina by radioimmunoassay during prenatal and postnatal development. SLI-containing cells were visualized by immunocytochemistry throughout this time period. SLI is present as early as embryonic day 15 (E15) and by E16 at concentrations 10-fo...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-3806(87)90209-4
更新日期：1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pentobarbital-anesthetized rats received electrical hindpaw stimulation every 10 s to elicit a maximal hindlimb withdrawal reflex. The integrated EMG response in the ipsilateral tibialis anterior was sampled by a computer which also controlled the timing of electrical stimuli applied to the brain. A suppression of the...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(89)91142-6
更新日期：1989-10-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Serotonin (5-HT) immunostained sections were analyzed using integrated optical density (IOD) measures obtained throughout the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in Mongolian gerbils at selected times during a 12:12 h light:dark cycle. Substantial diurnal variation occurred in 5-HT neuronal staining density, with lowest and hi...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.053
更新日期：2005-02-09 00:00:00
abstract：:The involvement of the dopaminergic pathway from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in the reinforcing properties of many drugs of abuse is well established. Though the prefrontal cortex (PFC) exhibits significant influence over activity in this pathway, its role in drug abuse is less def...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.003
更新日期：2006-02-23 00:00:00
abstract：:The chronic dietary intake of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can modulate learning and memory by being incorporated into neuronal plasma membranes. Representatives of two PUFA families, the n-3 and n-6 types become integrated into membrane phospholipids, where the actual (n-6)/(n-3) ratio can determine ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03300-0
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ischemic stroke brings a huge family and social burden. Although the reperfusion of ischemic cerebral tissue is the most important way to rescue ischemic stroke, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury further results in brain damage and even lead to death. Recent studies demonstrated that Tongxinluo (TXL) helps to protect ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.036
更新日期：2018-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Movements of medium and large sized membranous organelles (0.5-1 microns in diameter) were visualized within segments of the crab walking leg nerve with Nomarski differential interference contrast optics and subjected to video contrast enhancement. Accessibility to the axoplasm was demonstrated by intra-axonal fluores...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(93)91754-g
更新日期：1993-03-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Experiments were done in cats to identify neurons in the paramedian reticular nucleus (PRN) sending collateral axons to the region of the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) at different levels of the thoracic cord by using lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and double-labeling fluorochrome histochemistry to r...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(87)90377-5
更新日期：1987-04-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Electrophysiological recordings in rat brain slices have been used to study the actions of adenosine on striatal neurons and striatal excitatory amino acid neurotransmission originating in the cortex or the thalamus. Adenosine had no effects on membrane properties of striatal neurons. Adenosine and the A1 agonist N6-C...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01060-3
更新日期：1997-12-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed as an intercellular messenger mediating postsynaptic to presynaptic information transfer in the induction of long-term potentiation. A number of studies support the possible involvement of NO in synaptic plasticity. NO may have a role in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity in dev...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01161-5
更新日期：1999-01-23 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to determine if motoneurons in the spinal ventral horn express the muscarinic m2 acetylcholine receptor. Motoneurons were retrogradely labelled in adult rats by intramuscular injection of Fluorogold and examined with confocal microscopy for evidence of immunoreactivity for the receptor. T...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01208-6
更新日期：1999-01-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)- and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactivity was examined in the retina of the 13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). Labeling was observed in the inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). The immunoreactive c...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(91)91346-3
更新日期：1991-11-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats showing disrupted taste aversion due to gustatory neocortex or amygdala lesions were transplanted into the lesioned area with homologous brain tissue obtained from 17-day-old fetuses. Comparisons of taste aversions scores before and after the graft, revealed that the grafted animals significantly recuperated tast...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(87)91507-1
更新日期：1987-07-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Visual acuity was measured by determining the highest spatial acuity at which chickens aged 1-25 days jumped consistently to a physically supported grating instead of to an unsupported homogeneous field. In contrast to the gradual visual development found for kittens, monkeys, and humans, the chicken exhibits asymptot...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(81)90967-7
更新日期：1981-05-04 00:00:00
abstract：:To determine whether the idiosyncratic distribution of transduction mechanisms for bitter tastants in rat taste receptor cells (TRCs) could be inferred from the neural activity they evoke, single neuron responses to ten bitter-tasting compounds were recorded from rat glossopharyngeal (n = 30) and chorda tympani (n = 2...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00131-5
更新日期：1997-05-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Radial glial cells of the embryonic murine cerebral wall are selectively labeled by staining with antibody RC1. In order to study the mitotic cycling of these cells, we combined RC1 immunohistochemistry and autoradiographic analysis following [3H]thymidine injection at 1, 2, 6, 48 h prior to sacrifice. Many radial gli...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-3806(88)90043-0
更新日期：1988-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adenosine receptor antagonists, DMPX, PACPX and theophylline, produce contralateral rotations in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. DMPX and theophylline markedly increase rotations produced by bromocriptine (a dopamine D2 receptor agonist) and/or SKF38393A (a dopamine D1 receptor agonist). All of these effec...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(93)90925-d
更新日期：1993-06-11 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) can be phase-shifted in vitro by the serotonin agonist quipazine. Here we show that quipazine resets the SCN clock in the presence of tetrodotoxin or 10 mM Mg2+, treatments that block Na+ action potentials and Ca2+ channels, respectively. These results ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(92)90784-7
更新日期：1992-02-28 00:00:00
abstract：:For the purpose of obtaining chemical information about the physiological role of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), the release of endogenous NAAG from and the uptake of [3H]NAAG by Guinea pig cerebellar slices were investigated in comparison with L-aspartate (Asp) and L-glutamate (Glu). Although endogenous NAAG was f...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(89)90544-1
更新日期：1989-03-13 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is higher among men than women but rises in women after the menopause. Estrogens may play a protective role. Treatment with estrogens has been shown to be neuroprotective in models of several neurodegenerative diseases. We therefore determined the effect of ovariect...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2004.06.024
更新日期：2004-09-17 00:00:00
