Abstract:
:One may encounter the application of the two independent samples t-test to ordinal scaled data (for example, data that assume only the values 0, 1, 2, 3) from small samples. This situation clearly violates the underlying normality assumption for the t-test and one cannot appeal to large sample theory for validity. In this paper we report the results of an investigation of the t-test's robustness when applied to data of this form for samples of sizes 5 to 20. Our approach consists of complete enumeration of the sampling distributions and comparison of actual levels of significance with the significance level expected if the data followed a normal distribution. We demonstrate under general conditions the robustness of the t-test in that the maximum actual level of significance is close to the declared level.
journal_name
Stat Medjournal_title
Statistics in medicineauthors
Heeren T,D'Agostino Rdoi
10.1002/sim.4780060110subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1987-01-01 00:00:00pages
79-90issue
1eissn
0277-6715issn
1097-0258journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Health authorities are often alerted to suspected cancer clusters near the vicinity of potential point sources by members of the public. A surveillance system, where administrative regions around the potential point sources are regularly monitored for high disease rates, would allow for responses which are easier to o...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19960415)15:7/9<727::aid-s
更新日期:1996-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::This paper presents combinatorial (exact) methods that are useful in the analysis of disease cluster data obtained from small environments, such as buildings and neighbourhoods. Maxwell-Boltzmann and Fermi-Dirac occupancy models are compared in terms of appropriateness of representation of disease incidence patterns (...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780121906
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::To update the British growth reference, anthropometric data for weight, height, body mass index (weight/height2) and head circumference from 17 distinct surveys representative of England, Scotland and Wales (37,700 children, age range 23 weeks gestation to 23 years) were analysed by maximum penalized likelihood using ...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::Delay in the outcome variable is challenging for outcome-adaptive randomization, as it creates a lag between the number of subjects accrued and the information known at the time of the analysis. Motivated by a real-life pediatric ulcerative colitis trial, we consider a case where a short-term predictor is available fo...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.6222
更新日期:2014-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Models for infant growth have usually been based on parametric forms, commonly an exponential or similar model, which have been shown to fit poorly especially during the first year of life. An alternative approach is to use a non-parametric model, based on a shape invariant model (SIM), where a single function is tran...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.2718
更新日期:2007-05-30 00:00:00
abstract::Small but important therapeutic effects of new treatments can be most efficiently detected through the study of large randomized prospective series of patients. Such large scale clinical trials are nowadays commonplace. The alternative is years of polemic and debate surrounding several trials each too small to detect ...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780010105
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Much has been published on various aspects of data analysis and reporting from clinical trials within the biopharmaceutical environment. This ranges from regulatory guidelines on the format and content of registration dossiers to recommendations on data presentation and the statistical methodologies that are appropria...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980815/30)17:15/16<1829:
更新日期:1998-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Important differences between explanatory and pragmatic studies were originally argued by Schwartz and Lellouch. Three important differences between the two types of study involve study control, study violators and inclusion criteria. It was originally argued that explanatory studies are highly controlled, and pragmat...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.1120
更新日期:2002-05-30 00:00:00
abstract::Studies in health research are commonly carried out in clustered settings, where the individual response data are correlated within clusters. Estimation and modelling of the extent of between-cluster variation contributes to understanding of the current study and to design of future studies. It is common to express be...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.2304
更新日期:2006-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::Virtually all clinical trials collect multiple endpoints that are usually correlated. Many methods have been proposed to control the family-wise type I error rate (FWER), but these methods often disregard the correlation among the endpoints, such as the commonly used Bonferroni correction, Holm procedure, Wiens' Bonfe...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4434
更新日期:2012-02-20 00:00:00
abstract::This paper describes compliance with the completion of a quality of life questionnaire in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial, a large multi-centre randomized trial that is studying the efficacy of Tamoxifen in preventing breast cancer. In the first 4875 women enrolled in the control arm of the study, there was a very ...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980315/15)17:5/7<613::ai
更新日期:1998-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::Conditional power based on summary statistic by comparing outcomes (such as the sample mean) directly between 2 groups is a convenient tool for decision making in randomized controlled trial studies. In this paper, we extend the traditional summary statistic-based conditional power with a general model-based assessmen...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.7454
更新日期:2017-12-30 00:00:00
abstract::In some randomized controlled trials, subjects with a better prognosis may be diverted into the treatment group. This subverting of randomization results in an unobserved non-compliance with the originally intended treatment assignment. Consequently, the estimate of treatment effect from these trials may be biased. Th...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.715
更新日期:2001-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing numbers of economic evaluations are conducted alongside randomised controlled trials. Such studies include factorial trials, which randomise patients to different levels of two or more factors and can therefore evaluate the effect of multiple treatments alone and in combination. Factorial trials can provide...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.7322
更新日期:2017-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::We study prevalence-dependent diagnostic accuracy measures, specifically, positive and negative predictive values. These measures permit an assessment of the clinical utility of diagnostic tests across populations with different disease prevalences. In many cases, prevalence may not be known with certainty and the eva...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.2812
更新日期:2007-07-30 00:00:00
abstract::Motivated by a previously published study of HIV treatment, we simulated data subject to time-varying confounding affected by prior treatment to examine some finite-sample properties of marginal structural Cox proportional hazards models. We compared (a) unadjusted, (b) regression-adjusted, (c) unstabilized, and (d) s...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.5317
更新日期:2012-08-30 00:00:00
abstract::Population heterogeneity is frequently observed among patients' treatment responses in clinical trials because of various factors such as clinical background, environmental, and genetic factors. Different subpopulations defined by those baseline factors can lead to differences in the benefit or safety profile of a the...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.7925
更新日期:2018-12-20 00:00:00
abstract::For time-to-event outcomes, a rich literature exists on the bias introduced by covariate measurement error in regression models, such as the Cox model, and methods of analysis to address this bias. By comparison, less attention has been given to understanding the impact or addressing errors in the failure time outcome...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.7554
更新日期:2018-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::In the comparison of two or more treatment groups to a control group, consider a study with non-decreasing repeated measurements of the same characteristic taken over a common set of time points for each subject. Based on the vector of possibly incomplete responses from each subject, this paper considers asymptoticall...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19961215)15:23<2509::AID-S
更新日期:1996-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the effect of excluding incomplete observations and competing events when calculating cross-sectional measures of NHS waiting times, and to obtain a more accurate estimate of the 'time-to-admission' of those listed on NHS waiting lists using life-table methods. The official 'tim...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/1097-0258(20000815)19:15<2037::aid-sim606>
更新日期:2000-08-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The need to deliver interventions targeting multiple diseases in a cost-effective manner calls for integrated disease control efforts. Consequently, maps are required that show where the risk of co-infection is particularly high. Co-infection risk is preferably estimated via Bayesian geostatistical multinomi...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4243
更新日期:2011-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::In repeated measures settings, modeling the correlation pattern of the data can be immensely important for proper analyses. Accurate inference requires proper choice of the correlation model. Optimal efficiency of the estimation procedure demands a parsimonious parameterization of the correlation structure, with suffi...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.3928
更新日期:2010-07-30 00:00:00
abstract::In England and Wales, a large-scale multiple statistical surveillance system for infectious disease outbreaks has been in operation for nearly two decades. This system uses a robust quasi-Poisson regression algorithm to identify abberrances in weekly counts of isolates reported to the Health Protection Agency. In this...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.5595
更新日期:2013-03-30 00:00:00
abstract::Between-community variance or community-by-time variance is one of the key factors driving the cost of conducting group randomized trials, which are often very expensive. We investigated empirically whether between-community variance could be reduced by controlling individual- and/or community-level covariates and ide...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990315)18:5<539::aid-sim
更新日期:1999-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::Both the variation of positive responses (negative responses) among individuals and the internal correlation among responses for the same individual affect the precision of the estimate of sensitivity (specificity). To estimate the sensitivity (specificity) of a medical diagnostic test, this paper proposes a Bayesian ...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780081007
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Jimma Infant Survival Differential Longitudinal Study is an Ethiopian study, set up to establish risk factors affecting infant survival and to investigate socio-economic, maternal and infant-rearing factors that contribute most to the child's early survival. Here, a subgroup of about 1500 children born in Jimma to...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990415)18:7<835::aid-sim
更新日期:1999-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::A new, intuitive method has recently been proposed to explore treatment-covariate interactions in survival data arising from two treatment arms of a clinical trial. The method is based on constructing overlapping subpopulations of patients with respect to one (or more) covariates of interest and in observing the patte...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.3524
更新日期:2009-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::The World Health Organization and collaborating institutions in four developing countries have conducted a multi-centre randomized controlled trial, in which clinics were allocated at random to two antenatal care (ANC) models. These were the standard 'Western' ANC model and a 'new' ANC model consisting of tests, clini...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1002/1097-0258(20010215)20:3<401::aid-sim801>3.
更新日期:2001-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Recurrent event data occur in many clinical and observational studies, and in these situations, there may exist a terminal event such as death that is related to the recurrent event of interest. In addition, sometimes more than one type of recurrent events may occur, that is, one may encounter multivariate recurrent e...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4306
更新日期:2011-11-10 00:00:00
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journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(20000229)19:4<617::aid-sim
更新日期:2000-02-29 00:00:00