Abstract:
AIM:Spacer devices are inhalation aids of varying dimension and complexity, specifically designed to overcome problems with the use of pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDIs). The aim of this review is to examine the current understanding about these inhalation devices and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. METHODS:The pertinent literature concerning the characteristics and effects of spacers on delivery and lung deposition of inhaled medications, as well as their clinical efficacy in patients with reversible airway obstruction, is examined. RESULTS:Spacers minimise problems of poor inhalation technique with pMDI, reduce oropharyngeal deposition and increase lung deposition. Spacers improve the clinical effect of inhaled medications, especially in patients unable to use a pMDI properly. Compared to both pMDIs and dry-powder inhalers, spacers may increase the response to beta-adrenergic bronchodilators, even in patients with correct inhalation technique. A pMDI plus spacer has proven to be viable lower cost alternative to the use of a nebuliser for delivering large bronchodilator doses in patients with severe acute asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The use of large-volume spacers is recommended for delivering high doses of inhaled corticosteroids, and may permit a lower maintenance dose to be used. CONCLUSION:pMDIs may be routinely fitted with a spacer, especially in situations where correct pMDI use is unlikely.
journal_name
Expert Opin Drug Delivjournal_title
Expert opinion on drug deliveryauthors
Lavorini F,Fontana GAdoi
10.1517/17425240802637862subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-01 00:00:00pages
91-102issue
1eissn
1742-5247issn
1744-7593journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment in which a combination of a photosensitising drug and visible light causes destruction of selected cells. Due to the lack of true selectivity of preformed photosensitisers for neoplastic tissue and their high molecular weights, PDT of superficial skin lesions...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.5.7.757
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the last decade, interest in physical organogels has grown rapidly with the discovery and synthesis of a very large number of diverse molecules, which can gel organic solvents at low concentrations. The gelator molecules immobilise large volumes of liquid following their self-assembly into a variety of aggregates s...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2.3.489
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The work presents the development of acellular scaffolds extemporaneously embedded with platelet lysate (PL), as an innovative approach in the field of tissue regeneration/reparation. PL embedded scaffolds should have a tridimensional architecture to support cell migration and growth, in order to restore s...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1517/17425247.2015.961421
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Skin diseases are prevalent and can significantly affect quality of life. Empirical mathematical models retrospectively analyse data to predict skin permeation from the physico-chemical properties of drugs. Quantitative structure permeability relationships are discussed, along with alternatives to linear modelling. Me...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425240902865561
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Introduction: Incorrect inhaler technique is one reason why the efficacies of inhaled asthma treatments in clinical trials and effectiveness in the real world differ. Inhaler technique is critical for drug delivery to the lungs; incorrect technique negatively impacts asthma control and long-term outcomes. Breath-trigg...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/17425247.2019.1689957
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Various techniques have been developed to prepare nanoparticles for the delivery of drugs. The implementation of these techniques for large-scale production is still in its infancy, as it requires defined steps which include excipient compatibility, process feasibility, formulation optimization, process optimization, ...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425240902735806
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) has now been available for 50 years. Once regarded as an inefficient and difficult-to-use device, the technology has evolved significantly over the last few years, particularly since the introduction of novel formulations containing hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants. Many ...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.4.3.215
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with monoclonal antibodies and their fragments labelled with radionuclides emitting α -particles, β-particles or Auger electrons have been used for many years in the development of anticancer strategies. While RIT has resulted in approved radiopharmaceuticals for the treatment of h...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/17425247.2018.1378180
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The delivery of drugs through the buccal mucosa has received a great deal of attention over the last two decades, and yet there are not many buccal delivery products available on the market. OBJECTIVE:This review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of buccal drug delivery, provides a historical perspe...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.5.5.531
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Functionalised carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) are emerging as new tools in the field of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine. This is because they can be easily manipulated and modified by encapsulation with biopolymers or by covalent linking of solubilising groups to the external walls and tips. The possibility of incorpora...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.1.1.57
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Harnessing RNA interference as a therapeutic approach has the potential to significantly expand the druggable target space, offering new hope for treatment of diseases that cannot be addressed with existing classes of drugs. A number of siRNA therapeutics have already progressed into preclinical and clinic...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2012.642363
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Interest in mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery has resulted in a good understanding of the impact of size and surface chemistry of these nanoparticles on their performance as drug carriers. Shape has emerged as an additional factor that can have a significant effect on delivery efficacy. Rod...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/17425247.2018.1517748
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Increasing interest in digitally enhanced drug delivery tools urges both industry and academia to rethink current approaches to product usability testing. This article introduces mobile eye-tracking, generating detailed contextual data about user engagement with connected self-injection systems as a new meth...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/17425247.2019.1563070
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The use of hydrophilic polymers as a substitute for the Fc-domain in immuno- or non-immuno-based binding proteins is accelerating. Chemical PEGylation has led the way and is still the most advanced and clinically-approved approach. Hydrophilic polymers act by maintaining a flexible conformation and hydroge...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2011.602399
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Targeted delivery of antithrombotic (thrombolytic) drugs is expected to increase their efficacy and decrease side effects, especially in the case of thrombolytic enzymes. Liposomes, phospholipid nanosized bubbles with a bilayered membrane structure, have drawn a lot of interest as pharmaceutical carriers for...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425240802497457
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD:Active targeting of bioactive molecules by physicochemical association with hyaluronic acid (HA) is an attractive approach in current nanomedicine because HA is biocompatible, non-toxic and non-inflammatory. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW:This review focuses on synthesis, physicochemical characte...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425241003730399
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common lethal malignancies. The prognosis is poor despite progress in early diagnosis. The initial treatment of choice is hepatic resection; unfortunately, not all patients are eligible for liver resection. Moreover, there are significant recurrences. Diffe...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2013.770733
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Nasal drug delivery that exploits the olfactory and trigeminal neuronal pathways to deliver drugs to the brain is being widely explored by pharmaceutical companies, for the delivery of challenging drugs. Low-molecular-weight and lipophilic drugs are effectively absorbed by the intranasal route for efficaci...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2012.636801
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Thermosensitive chitosan/glycerophosphate (C/GP) solutions exhibiting sol-gel transition around body temperature were prepared to develop a class of injectable hydrogel platforms for the imaging and loco-regional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Indocyanine green (ICG) was loaded in the thermosen...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1517/17425247.2015.1042452
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD:The review presents the design strategy and synthesis of multifunctional dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers with the objective to develop effective drug delivery systems. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW:Well-characterized, commercially available dendritic polymers were subjected to functionaliz...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2010.534981
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Utilizing the prodrug approach as a method to overcome various pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic barriers to drug delivery is significantly accelerating and achieving successes. In contrast to the older traditional prodrugs which suffer from decreased bioavailability and a high profile of side effects, du...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2016.1142527
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The distribution and metabolism of a drug in the organism are dependent on the administration route as well as on the drug formulation. It is important to be able to assess which impact the administration route or formulation of a drug has for its distribution and metabolism. METHODS:The antidepressant drug...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/17425247.2018.1541084
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD:The prediction of the in vivo drug release characteristics of modified release (MR) oral dosage forms by in vitro dissolution tests is a prerequisite for successful product development. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW:To improve the predictive power of dissolution testing, the authors recently dev...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2010.527943
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Noninvasive, transient and local image-guided blood-brain barrier disruption can be accomplished using focused ultrasound exposure with intravascular injection of preformed microbubbles. MRI-guided blood-brain barrier disruption has been demonstrated and has been shown to heal in within a few hours after exposure. The...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.4.1.27
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Overactive bladder affects a significant portion of the population and results in prescribing of numerous medications for its treatment. Traditional drug delivery systems used in therapy are associated with multiple commonly reported side effects. Adherence rates with use of these medications are low. It i...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2016.1130033
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:In the therapy of clinical diseases such as cancer, it is important to deliver drugs directly to tumor sites in order to maximize local drug concentration and reduce side effects. This objective may be realized by using 'smart' nanoparticles (NPs) as drug delivery systems, because they enable dramatic conf...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2015.1071352
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Most vaccines are administered by intramuscular injection using a hypodermic needle and syringe. Some limitations of this procedure include reluctance to be immunized because of fear of needlesticks, and concerns associated with the safe disposal of needles after their use. Skin delivery is an alternate ro...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2014.885947
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD:Drug combinations have been the standard of care in the treatment of cancer for > 50 years. Typically, combination chemotherapy uses agents with non-overlapping toxicities which are escalated to their maximum tolerated dose. However, emerging evidence indicates that this approach may not be prov...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2010.538678
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Introduction: Thymoquinone (TQ), 2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzo-1, 4-quinone, the main active constituent of Nigella sativa (NS) plant, has been proven to be of great therapeutic aid in various in vitro and in vivo conditions. Despite the promising therapeutic activities of TQ, this molecule is not yet in the clinical tria...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/17425247.2020.1730808
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Even though pulmonary diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, exceedingly few life-prolonging therapies have been developed for these maladies. Relief may finally come from nanomedicine and targeted drug delivery. AREAS COVERED:Here, we focus on four conditions for w...
journal_title:Expert opinion on drug delivery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/17425247.2015.961418
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00