Abstract:
:The mucosal immune system is charged with defending the host's vast interfaces with the outside world from the enormous and diverse group of microbes that colonizes these surfaces. A key means by which the mucosal immune system protects the host from such diverse microbes is using germ-line-encoded receptors that target structurally conserved motifs that mediate important bacterial functions. This review focuses on one embodiment of this notion, namely, the mucosal innate immune targeting of flagellin, the primary structural component of flagella, which afford bacteria the ability of directed locomotion. Specifically, we discuss the mechanisms by which flagellin is recognized by the innate immune system, their role in host defense, chronic inflammatory disease, and potential approaches to pharmacologically manipulate these pathways to benefit the host. Discussion will focus on the intestinal tract but will also incorporate key findings in other mucosal surfaces.
journal_name
Mucosal Immunoljournal_title
Mucosal immunologyauthors
Vijay-Kumar M,Gewirtz ATdoi
10.1038/mi.2009.9subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-05-01 00:00:00pages
197-205issue
3eissn
1933-0219issn
1935-3456pii
mi20099journal_volume
2pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The development of the primitive gut in the multicellular aquatic eukaryote was driven by the insufficient absorption of nutrients from the oceanic soup. The anatomy of this evolving specialized system invited its colonization by environmental prokaryotes and resulted in the establishment of the intestinal microflora....
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2009.123
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The tight connection between intestinal inflammation and arthritis in spondyloarthritis (SpA) has been studied extensively. Subclinical gut inflammation, which can be considered as a model for early Crohn's disease, was shown to be strongly associated with joint inflammation. Several early mucosal abnormalities were u...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/mi.2008.24
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Allergic diseases, which have reached epidemic proportions, are caused by inappropriate immune responses to a relatively small number of environmental proteins. The molecular basis for the propensity of specific proteins to promote maladaptive, allergic responses has been difficult to define. Recent data suggest that ...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/mi.2009.138
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intestinal fibrosis leading to strictures remains a significant clinical problem in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The role of bacterial components in activating intestinal mesenchymal cells and driving fibrogenesis is largely unexplored. Tamoxifen-inducible α-SMA promoter Cre mice crossed with floxed MyD88 mice w...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41385-020-0259-9
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have stormed onto the immune landscape as "newly discovered" cell types. These tissue-resident sentinels are enriched at mucosal surfaces and engage in complex cross talk with elements of the adaptive immune system and microenvironment to orchestrate immune homeostasis. Many parallels exis...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/mi.2016.64
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intestinal CD8αα intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IELs) have a key role in mucosal immunity and, unlike other T cells, were proposed to differentiate locally. In apparent contradiction, these cells were also shown to originate from a wave of thymus migrants colonizing the gut in the first 3 weeks after birth. We here ...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2010.47
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The impact of topical antiretrovirals for pre-exposure prophylaxis on humoral responses following HIV infection is unknown. Using a binding antibody multiplex assay, we investigated HIV-specific IgG and IgA responses to envelope glycoproteins, p24 Gag and p66, in the genital tract (GT) and plasma following HIV acquisi...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1038/mi.2015.145
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanism regulating the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier remains poorly understood. We herein demonstrate that Absent in melanoma-2 (AIM2) contributes to the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity and defense against bacterial infection. AIM2-deficient mice displayed an increased susceptibility to mucosal...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2015.142
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection disrupts the intestinal immune system, leading to microbial translocation and systemic immune activation. We investigated the impact of HIV-1 infection on the intestinal microbiome and its association with mucosal T-cell and dendritic cell (DC) frequency and activation,...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2013.116
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The gut mucosa is an important site of HIV immunopathogenesis with severe depletion of CD4+ T cells occurring during acute infection. The effect of prolonged anti-retroviral therapy (ART) on cycling and restoration of T lymphocytes in the gut remains unclear. Colon and terminal ileal biopsies and peripheral blood samp...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2009.129
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), that drain the large and small intestine, are critical sites for the induction of oral tolerance. Although depletion of CD4 T cells in the intestinal lamina propria is a hallmark of HIV infection, CD4 T cell dynamics in MLNs is less known due to the lack of accessibility to these LNs. We...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41385-019-0174-0
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB) is an important member of the small heat shock protein family, and plays a protective and therapeutic role in neurological inflammation. CRYAB expression was assessed in cultured HT29 and Caco-2 cells and inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis models in...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41385-019-0198-5
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI) are complications that cause lung damage and often leads to death. The MA-ARDS/ALI is associated with a Type 1 inflammatory response mediated by T lymphocytes and IFN-γ. Here, we used the Plasmodium berghei NK65 (PbN)-induced ...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41385-018-0093-5
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen. Previously, we showed that infection of human trophoblast cells by Ct triggers the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1β. The aim of this study was to understand the innate immune pathways involved in trophoblast prod...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2012.63
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Women with asymptomatic Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection are at risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if the bacteria ascend from the endocervix into the uterus and oviducts. Factors that affect disease severity, ranging from mild discomfort to severe inflammation, pain, and infertility, remain elusive. ...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2015.122
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute intestinal inflammation includes the early accumulation of neutrophils (PMN). Based on recent evidence that PMN infiltration "imprints" changes in the local tissue environment through local oxygen depletion and the release of adenine nucleotides, we hypothesized that the interaction between transmigrating PMN an...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41385-019-0237-2
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells play decisive roles in the regulation of resistance vs. susceptibility to pulmonary cryptococcosis. To study the function of interleukin (IL)-4 receptor (IL-4R) on Th cells in pulmonary cryptococcosis, we infected mice specifically lacking IL-4Rα on CD4(+) T cells (Lck(Cre)IL-4Rα(-/lox) mi...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2012.9
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most HIV transmissions among men who have sex with men (MSM), the group that accounted for 67% of new US infections in 2014, occur via exposure to the rectal mucosa. However, it is unclear how the act of condomless receptive anal intercourse (CRAI) may alter the mucosal immune environment in HIV-negative MSM. Here, we...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2016.97
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial-induced intestinal inflammation is crucially dependent on interleukin (IL)-23 and is associated with CD4(+) T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses. However, the relative contributions of these subsets during the induction and resolution of colitis in T-cell-sufficient hosts remain unknown. We report that H...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2013.11
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Specific components of the intestinal microbiota are capable of influencing immune responses such that a mutualistic relationship is established. In mice, colonization with segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) induces T-helper-17 (Th17) cell differentiation in the intestine, yet the effector functions of interleukin (...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2016.80
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::How the immune system senses aeroallergens and triggers an aberrant inflammation is poorly understood. Dectin-2 is a house dust mite (HDM)-sensing pattern recognition receptor. In a 3-week mouse model of repeated intranasal HDM challenge, anti-Dectin-2 potently attenuated the characteristic allergic inflammation and a...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2013.74
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Development of effective tuberculosis vaccines is hampered by insufficient understanding of protective immunity. Here, Woodworth et al.1 show secondary effector CD4 T cells generated after Mtb challenge of H56/CAF01 vaccinated mice display superior lung homing compared with primary effectors. Vaccination generates lar...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2016.110
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) control inflammation and maintain mucosal homeostasis, but their functions during infection are poorly understood. Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells can be identified by master transcription factors (TFs) T-bet, GATA3, and RORγT; Tregs also express these TFs. While T-bet+ Tregs can selectively...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41385-020-0299-1
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Colonization of the nasopharyngeal mucosa by meningococcus and other polysaccharide (PS)-encapsulated bacteria precedes invasion. PS-conjugate vaccines induce PS-specific B-cell memory (B(MEM)) and also prevent colonization, thus blocking person-to-person transmission, generating herd protection. However, in isolation...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2012.70
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbial metabolites are an emerging class of mediators influencing CD4+ T-cell function. To advance the understanding of direct causal microbial factors contributing to Crohn's disease, we screened 139 predicted Crohn's disease-associated microbial metabolites for their bioactivity on human CD4+ T-cell functions ind...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41385-018-0022-7
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), a subset of the innate lymphoid cells, are abundantly present in the intestine and are crucial regulators of intestinal inflammation. Brg1 (Brahma-related gene 1), a catalytic subunit of the mammalian SWI-SNF-like chromatin-remodeling BAF complex, regulates the development and fu...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41385-020-0317-3
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a granulomatous lung disorder that is associated with the accumulation of beryllium (Be)-specific CD4(+) T cells into the lung. Genetic susceptibility is linked to HLA-DPB1 alleles that possess a glutamic acid at position 69 (βGlu69), and HLA-DPB1*02:01 is the most prevalent βGlu69-c...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2015.54
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Helicobacter suis infects the stomachs of both animals and humans, and can induce gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. It is known that CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is highly expressed in the Helicobacter-infected mice and gastric MALT lymphoma patients, but the pathway that links the activa...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2014.14
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cross-presentation of cellular antigens is crucial for priming CD8(+) T cells, and generating immunity to intracellular pathogens--particularly viruses. It is unclear which intestinal phagocytes perform this function in vivo. To address this, we examined dendritic cells (DCs) from the intestinal lymph of IFABP-tOVA 23...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/mi.2014.40
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent respiratory disease characterized by airflow limitation and chronic inflammation. MiR-155 is described as an ancient regulator of the immune system. Our objective was to establish a role for miR-155 in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced inflammation and COPD...
journal_title:Mucosal immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41385-019-0241-6
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00