Mechanisms of autoimmune hepatitis.

Abstract:

PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic disease characterized by a lymphocyte infiltrate in the liver. For decades, nonspecific immunosuppression has been used to limit chronic liver inflammation. The high risk of relapse, the treatments side effects, and the significant number of refractory patients are the main clinical issues that require efforts to understand AIH immune mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS:The balance between regulatory CD4 T cells, known to control autoimmunity, and effector CD4 T cells, that recognize liver self-antigens and mediate the liver inflammation, appears central in AIH immune mechanisms. Recent advances in the identification of pathogenic auto-reactive CD4 T cells, and of new mechanisms of immune regulatory defects in AIH patients, give new insights into the pathophysiology of this disease. SUMMARY:In this review, we propose an overview of the central role of CD4 T cells (both regulatory and pathogenic) in mechanisms of AIH, with a focus on recent advances regarding defective regulatory mechanisms and immune profile of auto-reactive CD4 T cells. These findings may have implication for the orientation of new therapeutic strategies to treat AIH, such as regulatory T-cell infusion or targeting B cells and cytokines released by pathogenic CD4 T cells.

authors

Cardon A,Conchon S,Renand A

doi

10.1097/MOG.0000000000000704

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2021-03-01 00:00:00

pages

79-85

issue

2

eissn

0267-1379

issn

1531-7056

pii

00001574-202103000-00003

journal_volume

37

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Best techniques for endoscopic ampullectomy.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Endoscopic ampullectomy has proven its safety and efficacy in multiple studies, making it the favorable option for the management of endoscopic ampullectomy. In this review, we plan to review the basic steps every endoscopist should be familiar with before undertaking endoscopic ampullectomy. RECENT ...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000657

    authors: Klair JS,Irani S,Kozarek R

    更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00

  • Recent advances in nonalcholic fatty liver disease.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in defining the clinical features, pathophysiology, natural history, and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. RECENT FINDINGS:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is present in approximately 30% of the US population. A histologic gradin...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282fbccf2

    authors: Greenfield V,Cheung O,Sanyal AJ

    更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00

  • Measuring outcomes in complicated intra-abdominal infections.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical trials should help guide and improve the management of cIAIs. However, inappropriate selection or measurement of outcomes in cIAIs clinical trials can lead to misleading results on the effe...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000591

    authors: Ahmed S,Wilcox MH,Kirby A

    更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00

  • Neurohormonal control of pancreatic exocrine secretion.

    abstract::The neurohormonal control of pancreatic exocrine secretion is a complex interaction of multiple pathways involving a large number of gut hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides. Recent studies have elucidated a role for cholecystokinin in the regulation of bicarbonate and fluid secretion from pancreatic duct ce...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00001574-200209000-00003

    authors: Nathan JD,Liddle RA

    更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00

  • Unique features of primary sclerosing cholangitis in children.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To summarize publications on juvenile primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) published over the past 5 years. These studies contribute to the understanding of the clinical features, diagnostic pathways, genetic aspects, treatment and outcome of this condition. RECENT FINDINGS:Sclerosing cholangitis wit...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283388f5b

    authors: Mieli-Vergani G,Vergani D

    更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00

  • Biosimilars in inflammatory bowel disease: ready for prime time?

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The goal is to review the most recent literature about biosimilars in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with emphasis on controversial regulatory issues. RECENT FINDINGS:Although biosimilars have been in use in Europe since 2005, the recent approval of CT-P13 (Remsima, Inflectra), a biosimilar of the...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000184

    authors: Gomollón F

    更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00

  • Bile acid disease: the emerging epidemic.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Our objective was to review advances in bile acids in health and disease published in the last 2 years. Bile acid diarrhea (BAD) is recognized as a common cause of chronic diarrhea, and its recognition has been facilitated by development of new screening tests. RECENT FINDINGS:Primary BAD can account...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000344

    authors: Oduyebo I,Camilleri M

    更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00

  • Endoscopic treatment of colonic obstruction.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Over the past 15 years, great strides have been made in the nonsurgical management of malignant large bowel obstruction. Progress continues, particularly in the area of self-expanding metal stents. The purpose of this review is to assess the available endoscopic techniques for colonic decompression an...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/mog.0b013e32831dde47

    authors: Dekovich AA

    更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00

  • The dark side of the colon: current issues surrounding the significance, prevalence, detection, diagnosis and management of serrated polyps.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Hyperplastic polyps, once considered to have no malignant potential, are now recognized to be part of a larger group of polyps known as serrated polyps. Serrated polyps can progress to CRC through an epigenetic pathway known as CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP), characterized by hypermethylation ...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000495

    authors: Lindholm CR,Anderson JC,Srivastava A

    更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00

  • New paradigms for organ allocation and distribution in liver transplantation.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The 'Final Rule,' issued by the Health Resources and Service Administration in 2000, mandated that liver allocation policy should be based on disease severity and probability of death, and - among other factors - should be independent of a candidate's residence or listing. As a result, the Organ Procu...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000434

    authors: Kalra A,Biggins SW

    更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00

  • Intestinal absorption of vitamins.

    abstract::This article provides an overview of advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms and regulation of intestinal absorption processes of vitamins. The vitamins covered are the water-soluble vitamins folic acid, cobalamin (vitamin B12), biotin, pantothenic acid, and thiamine (vitamin B1) and the lipid-...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00001574-199903000-00015

    authors: Said HM,Kumar C

    更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00

  • Complications and outcomes in chronic liver disease.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Chronic liver disease (CLD) causes significant morbidity and mortality, mainly due to complications [hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and esophageal variceal hemorrhage (EVH)]. Studies of the complications, management and outcomes in patients with CLD over the last 18 months...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283460c7d

    authors: Rahimi RS,Rockey DC

    更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00

  • Recent developments in antimicrobial therapy for gastrointestinal infections.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This focused, narrative review summarizes human clinical trial data for direct-acting antimicrobials in development for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections that were published in the past 18 months (1 January 2019 to 30 June 2020). RECENT FINDINGS:Antimicrobial agents for Clostridioides diff...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000696

    authors: Carlson TJ,Gonzales-Luna AJ,Garey KW

    更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00

  • Eosinophilic colitis and colonic eosinophilia.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Eosinophilic colitis is a rare condition, with a prevalence rate in the USA of 2-3/100 000 persons (0.003%), but diagnosed in 0.1% of biopsies in those colonoscoped for diarrhoea. Secondary colonic eosinophilia is more common and associated with systemic, colonic and infectious diseases. In this revie...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000492

    authors: Walker MM,Potter MD,Talley NJ

    更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00

  • Diagnosis and therapy of early neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW:In the last 2 years, several studies have been published that will change the management of patients with Barrett's esophagus. In this review, we will discuss the most relevant studies as well as future prospects in this field. RECENT FINDINGS:Long-term follow-up studies have shown that to be co...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Bergman JJ

    更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00

  • Diagnosis and evaluation of hyperbilirubinemia.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Jaundice, the physical finding associated with hyperbilirubinemia, results when the liver is unable to properly metabolize or excrete bilirubin. The purpose of this review is to examine some of the most common causes of jaundice in adults, provide insight into the diagnostic evaluation of jaundice, an...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000354

    authors: Sullivan JI,Rockey DC

    更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00

  • Rotavirus vaccines and intussusception risk.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Rotavirus infection is the leading cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis, responsible for an estimated 440,000 deaths per year in children less than 5 years of age worldwide. There was great optimism when the first rotavirus vaccine was licensed in the United States in July 1998 (rhesus rotaviru...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Bines JE

    更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00

  • Iron absorption and metabolism.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Intestinal iron absorption is an essential physiological process that is regulated by the liver-derived peptide hepcidin. This review will describe recent advances in hepcidin biology and enterocyte iron transport. RECENT FINDINGS:Hepcidin acts as a repressor of iron absorption and its expression in ...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32831ef1f7

    authors: Anderson GJ,Frazer DM,McLaren GD

    更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00

  • Small bowel transplantation.

    abstract::The development of small bowel transplantation has long been hindered by the immunological and infectious barriers peculiar to the small bowel. Gradual progress has been achieved during the past decade with the use of tacrolimus and the availability of better anti-infection prophylaxis. The current status of small bow...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00001574-200003000-00006

    authors: Prasad KR,Pollard SG

    更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00

  • Gastroduodenal mucosal defense: an integrated protective response.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The remarkable resistance of the mucosal lining the upper gastrointestinal tract to concentrated gastric acid remains one of the biggest unsolved mysteries of upper gastrointestinal physiology. Even with the discovery of the involvement of Helicobacter pylori in gastroduodenal injury, the mechanism by...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00001574-200311000-00003

    authors: Bi LC,Kaunitz JD

    更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00

  • Autoimmune liver disease.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The aim of this article is to review studies that improve the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis and suggest new drug and molecular interventions. RECENT FINDINGS:Elderly patients have an indolent but aggressive disease that responds well to corticosteroid therapy. Variant syndromes are ...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e328034f234

    authors: Czaja AJ

    更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00

  • Glutamine: role in critical illness and ongoing clinical trials.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This review will assess recent clinical and mechanistic data examining glutamine's ability to reduce morbidity and mortality in critical illness. RECENT FINDINGS:Updated metaanalysis data reveal a significant benefit of glutamine supplementation on mortality, length of stay, and infectious morbidity ...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f4db94

    authors: Wischmeyer PE

    更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00

  • Colonoscopy: new approaches to better outcomes.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Prevention of colorectal cancer relies on the detection and removal of colorectal neoplasia. Recent advances in mucosal imaging and inspection techniques have increased the detection of small and diminutive colorectal polyps with unknown clinical impact. The ability to accurately predict whether a pol...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834ddab9

    authors: Coe SG,Wallace MB

    更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00

  • Viral hepatitis.

    abstract::Viral hepatitis is still one of the most common causes of acute and chronic liver disease worldwide. Major advances have been made in our knowledge of these diseases, many during the past year. Molecular biology and clinical studies have improved our understanding of the mechanisms of antiviral drugs, as well as viral...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00001574-199905000-00008

    authors: Regev A,Schiff ER

    更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00

  • Probiotics as prevention and treatment for diarrhea.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To critically appraise evidence on probiotic use for prevention and treatment of diarrhea in children and adults. RECENT FINDINGS:Several randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses suggested that probiotics are effective in primary and secondary prevention of gastroenteritis and its treatment. Se...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32831b4455

    authors: Guarino A,Lo Vecchio A,Canani RB

    更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00

  • Utility of the Citrobacter rodentium infection model in laboratory mice.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection. Given the difficulty of infecting laboratory mice with these diarrhea-causing pathogens, a growing number of studies have found the mur...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f2b0fb

    authors: Borenshtein D,McBee ME,Schauer DB

    更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00

  • Portal hypertension.

    abstract::Portal hypertension is the main complication of cirrhosis and is responsible for its most common complications: variceal hemorrhage, ascites, and portosystemic encephalopathy. Portal hypertension is the result of increased intrahepatic resistance and increased portal venous inflow, which in turn is the result of splan...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00001574-200105000-00012

    authors: Garcia-Tsao G

    更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00

  • Update in HIV-hepatitis C virus coinfection in the direct acting antiviral era.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Availability of direct acting antivirals (DAAs) that demonstrate remarkable clinical efficacy and safety has revolutionized the ability to treat chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). An equal measure of clinical success has now been achieved in persons coinfected with HCV and the HIV, a hist...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000347

    authors: Meissner EG

    更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00

  • Nod-like receptors in intestinal host defense: controlling pathogens, the microbiota, or both?

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular innate immune sensors of microbes and danger signals that control multiple aspects of inflammatory responses. We review the evidence that highlights the critical importance of NLRs in the host response to intestinal pathogens. Moreover, we discuss the potent...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835a68ea

    authors: Robertson SJ,Girardin SE

    更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00

  • Management of choledochal cysts.

    abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Historically, surgical treatment of choledochal cyst consisted of cyst enterostomy. However, incomplete cyst excision can result in recurrent symptoms and malignant transformation within the cyst remnant. Accordingly, management of choledochal cyst now includes complete cyst excision whenever possible...

    journal_title:Current opinion in gastroenterology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000256

    authors: Ronnekleiv-Kelly SM,Soares KC,Ejaz A,Pawlik TM

    更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00