Abstract：
:The ability to produce and expel milk is important for the health and survival of all mammals. Nevertheless, our understanding of the molecular events underlying the execution of this process remains incomplete. Whilst impaired mammary gland development and lactational competence remains the subject of focused investigations, defects in these events may also be an unintended consequence of genetic manipulation in rodent models. In this technical report, we outline established and emerging methods to characterize lactation phenotypes in genetically-engineered mouse models. We discuss important considerations of common models, optimized conditions for mating and the importance of litter size and standardization. Methods for quantifying milk production and quality, as well as protocols for wholemount preparation, immunohistochemistry and the preparation of RNA and protein lysates are provided. This review is intended to help guide researchers new to the field of mammary gland biology in the systematic analysis of lactation defects and in the preparation of samples for more focused mechanistic investigations.
journal_name
J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasiajournal_title
Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasiaauthors
Stewart TA,Davis FMdoi
10.1007/s10911-020-09467-ysubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-11-19 00:00:00eissn
1083-3021issn
1573-7039pii
10.1007/s10911-020-09467-ypub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been implicated in the lobuloalveolar development of the mammary gland. In breast cancer its activation has been linked to tumor progression via stimulation of cell proliferation, pro-survival, and angiogenesis pathways and metastasis. Whether NF-kappaB activation in the immune sy...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-006-9013-5
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With improved screening methods, the numbers of abnormal breast lesions diagnosed in women have been increasing over time. However, it remains unclear whether these breast lesions will develop into invasive cancers. To more effectively predict the outcome of breast lesions and determine a more appropriate course of tr...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10911-018-9407-1
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Breast cancer development is a multi-step process in which genetic and molecular heterogeneity occurs at multiple stages. Ductal carcinoma arises from pre-invasive lesions such as atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), which progress to invasive and metastatic cancer. The feasibility of...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-018-9408-0
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tight junctions (TJs), the most apical components of the cell-cell junctional complexes, play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity within tissues. In secretory glandular tissues, such as the mammary gland, TJs are crucial for separating apical and basolateral domains. TJs also create th...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/B:JOMG.0000017431.45314.07
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mammary gland involution, characterized by extensive apoptosis and structural remodelling of the gland, is the process by which the gland is returned to the pre-pregnant state. A key advantage of the mammary gland is the ability to synchronize involution through forced weaning, thus allowing the dissection of biochemi...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-007-9034-8
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mouse modeling of human breast cancer has developed tremendously over the past ten years. Human breast cancer is characterized by enormous biological diversity and, collectively, the new models have come much closer to encompassing this diversity. They have provided a deeper understanding of the fundamental events tha...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-008-9093-5
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The involvement of molecular mechanisms in a particular process such as embryonic mammary gland development, can be revealed by modulation of one or several factors that purportedly act in that process. If those factors or their inhibitors are soluble, their function can be tested by loading them onto small inert bead...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-013-9297-1
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers of women in the Western world. Despite modest achievements in the treatment of this disease, there is a substantial unmet medical need to reduce the occurrence of new breast cancers. In several prospective, placebo-controlled trials, the antiestrogen tamoxifen has been s...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1025727103811
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Women are using estrogens for many purposes, such as to prevent pregnancy or miscarriage, or to treat menopausal symptoms. Estrogens also have been used to treat breast cancer which seems puzzling, since there is convincing evidence to support a link between high lifetime estrogen exposure and increased breast cancer ...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-013-9274-8
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprised of at least five major tumor subtypes that coalesce as the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. Although metastasis clearly represents the most lethal characteristic of breast cancer, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that go...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-011-9207-3
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Milk production is highly dependent on the optimal development of the mammary epithelium. It is therefore essential to better understand mammary epithelial cell growth and maintenance from the related epithelial lineage during the animal life. Here, we characterized the epithelial lineage at puberty, lactation and dry...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10911-019-09427-1
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With our improved understanding of the biological behavior of breast cancer, minimally invasive intervention is urgently needed for personalized treatment of early disease. Intraductal therapy is one such minimally invasive approach. With the help of appropriate tools, technologies using the intraductal means of enter...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-020-09453-4
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Premalignant breast disease in humans is a concept that admits to a broad range of elements and possible determinants predicting the likelihood of developing breast cancer. Most of these elements are relative, such as the risk of breast cancer for women that is 130 times that of men and peaks at a younger age by about...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1009521726605
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Available evidence indicates that mammary gland secretions first evolved in synapsids that laid parchment-shelled eggs. Unlike the rigid-shelled eggs of birds and some other sauropsids, parchment-shelled eggs lose water very rapidly when exposed to ambient air of lower vapor pressure, whether due to differences in rel...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1022848632125
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The IGFBP family comprises six proteins with high affinity for the IGFs and several lower affinity IGFBP-related proteins. Their production in the breast is controlled by hormones, other local regulators and in tumors relates to the estrogen receptor status. Their functional activity can also be affected by various po...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1009519400591
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II) and/or the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) have been implicated in a number of human tumors including breast cancer. However, despite being implicated in breast cancer for approximately 25 years and given that transgenic technology has been av...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-008-9097-1
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Estrogens are important for the development of the mammary gland and strongly associated with oncogenesis in this tissue. The biological effects of estrogens are mediated through the estrogen receptor (ER), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The estrogen/ER signaling pathway plays a central role in mammary ...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1026339111278
更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Wild-type p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a central role in maintaining the genetic integrity of the cell by preventing cells with damaged DNA from further proliferation. Mutation and deletion of p53 are the most common genetic defects seen in clinical cancer. About 40% of breast carcinomas show high levels ...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF02013640
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Various retroviral and lentiviral vectors have been used for up-the-teat intraductal injection to deliver markers, oncogenes, and other genes into mammary epithelial cells in mice. These methods along with the large number of genetically engineered mouse lines have greatly helped us learn normal breast development and...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10911-020-09469-w
更新日期：2020-11-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Mammary gland involution is a period of intensive tissue remodeling. Over the course of a relatively brief period, a large proportion of the mammary gland epithelium undergoes programmed cell death and is removed by phagocytes. In addition, the gland is cleared of residual milk fat globules as well as milk and adipocy...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-007-9036-6
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carcinogenesis is a complex process during which cells undergo genetic and epigenetic alterations. These changes can lead tumor cells to acquire characteristics that enable movement from the primary site of origin when conditions become unfavorable. Such characteristics include gain of front-rear polarity, increased m...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-012-9244-6
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transgenic experiments using oocyte micro-injection methodology are often performed in order to target expression of a foreign gene in a specific tissue or, to a lesser extent, to study the regulation of gene expression. However, the isolation of embryonic stem cells in mice and the development of antisense and ribozy...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1018775729834
更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Male breast cancer is a rare disease and clinical or epidemiological data are available from only a relatively few cases. Nonetheless, both similarities and discrepancies are apparent between breast cancer in men and women. For example, lobular and mucinous carcinomas are seldom seen in men. Tumors in men more often d...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1009546811429
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development and progression of aggressive breast cancer is characterized by genomic instability leading to multiple genetic defects, phenotypic diversity, chemoresistance, and poor outcome. Centrosome abnormalities have been implicated in the origin of chromosomal instability through the development of multipolar ...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/B:JOMG.0000048774.27697.30
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The One Health concept promotes integrated evaluation of human, animal, and environmental health questions to expedite advances benefiting all species. A recognition of the multi-species impact of mastitis as a painful condition with welfare implications leads us to suggest that mastitis is an ideal target for a One H...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-018-9395-1
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor expression and signal transduction in human breast cancer are reviewed as a function of estrogen receptor (ER) expression. ER+ breast cancer cells are generally resistant to the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta. The only known exception appears to be MCF-7 early passag...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF02017392
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T cell immunity in breast cancer is suggested to play a role in tumor dormancy, a period of stability which can correspond to the time interval between primary treatment and tumor recurrence. Bone marrow in breast cancer patients seems to be particularly important because it is highly enriched with cancer specific mem...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1020308104613
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Hedgehog pathway is critical for many developmental processes, including the formation of several epidermal appendages. In the mammary gland strict regulation of the Hedgehog pathway is required for normal development. Alterations in Hedgehog signaling result in defects in both the embryonic and postnatal mammary ...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-007-9048-2
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) signaling via the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) regulate multiple aspects of malignancy. The importance of IGF-1R in regulating the malignant phenotype is currently being validated in numerous clinical trials for cancer including breast cancer. This review d...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-008-9105-5
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Localised breast cancer can be cured by surgery and adjuvant treatments, but mortality remains high as some tumours metastasize early. Perlecan is a basement membrane (BM) protein involved in tumour development and progression. Here, mRNA and protein expression of perlecan, and mRNA expression of matrix degrading enzy...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10911-020-09447-2
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
