Abstract：
:Knowing the ability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and to enter cells via endocytosis paved the way for repositioning of old drugs as potential treatment of COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This paper highlights the potential of azithromycin and ambroxol to treat COVID-19. Azithromycin and ambroxol share lysosomotropic characteristics, i.e. they penetrate and accumulate inside the late endosomes and lysosomes and may possibly interfere with multiplication of the virus inside cells. In addition, both of these drugs have anti-inflammatory effects. Ambroxol has a proven antiviral effect and a unique stimulatory action on the secretion of surfactant by alveolar type II cells, the main target of SARS-CoV-2. Surfactant may form a fundamental defence mechanism against the virus. Involvement of nasal epithelial cells in SARS-CoV-2 entry suggested advantageous use of inhaled drug delivery of these two drugs over the use of systemic administration. Inhaled drug delivery could aid in targeting the drug to the exact site of action with little or no side effects. To conclude, administration of these two drugs using a special drug delivery system provides two kinds of drug targeting: (i) tissue targeting through using an inhaled drug delivery system to achieve high drug concentrations at the respiratory epithelial tissue that overexpress the ACE2 receptor for virus binding; and (ii) cellular targeting of the virus in the acidic vesicles (late endosomes and lysosomes), which represent the fate of endocytic viruses.
journal_name
Int J Antimicrob Agentsjournal_title
International journal of antimicrobial agentsauthors
Alkotaji Mdoi
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106192subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-12-01 00:00:00pages
106192issue
6eissn
0924-8579issn
1872-7913pii
S0924-8579(20)30398-8journal_volume
56pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Polymyxins were recently approved for the clinical treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections in China. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular mechanisms of polymyxin-resistant CRE prior to the clinical application of polymyxin and to evaluate the potential for e...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106262
更新日期：2020-12-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Each year, some 25-30 million international travellers from non-tropical regions visit malaria endemic countries. Up to 10,000 cases of malaria are imported into industrialised countries with an average case fatality rate of around 1%. Malaria still poses a real threat to travellers, particularly in areas with high tr...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00367-9
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The emergence of SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global pandemic disease referred to as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Hydroxychloroquine (CLQ-OH)/azithromycin (ATM) combination therapy is currently being tested for the treatment of COVID-19, with promising results. However, the molecular mechanism of...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106020
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this first multi-centre study in Scotland, 1028 consecutive Gram-negative and staphylococci strains were obtained from four major teaching hospitals. E. coli was the most common organism among both intensive care units (ICUs) (39%) and non-ICU strains (46.6%). The prevalence of antibiotic resistance among E. coli w...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0924-8579(96)00310-x
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Wide-spectrum quinolones such as moxifloxacin and levofloxacin as well as high-order cephalosporins such as cefoperazone and cefepime have increased antimicrobial activity. However, little is known about their distribution in fetal blood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure and compare maternal and fetal b...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.03.011
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CP-Kp) are currently among the most important nosocomial pathogens in many geographic regions. A retrospective study was conducted between 2010 and 2014 in four hospitals located in a high-prevalence area (Athens, Greece) to describe the clinical features, treatment and o...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.01.011
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tigecycline resistance is emerging among Klebsiella pneumoniae, but knowledge regarding in vivo development of tigecycline resistance is limited. Here we report a new mechanism of tigecycline resistance in K. pneumoniae that evolved during tigecycline therapy. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were consecutively obtained...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.04.024
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Structural variants of phenylpiperidine selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (P-SSRIs) inhibited the function of two unique Staphylococcus aureus multidrug efflux pumps. The most active compound was the paroxetine isomer NNC 20-7052, which had an IC(50) for ethidium, acriflavine, and pyronin Y efflux of 9, 53, and ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00220-6
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important human pathogen, able to accumulate and disseminate a variety of antimicrobial resistance genes. Resistance to colistin, one of the last therapeutic options for multi-drug-resistant bacteria, has been reported increasingly. Colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae (ColRKp) emerged in two h...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.08.017
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mechanisms leading to carbapenem and cephalosporin resistance were sought in Enterobacter aerogenes isolates that were highly resistant to carbapenems but had no known carbapenemase. Results were compared with recent work examining carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. Eighteen carbapenem-resistant E. aerogenes w...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.07.021
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We studied an in vitro model of continuous venovenous haemofiltration to determine levofloxacin adsorption by polyacrylonitrile (PAN) filters. Four doses of levofloxacin (5, 25, 50 and 100 mg) were used, resulting in circulating concentrations of levofloxacin at 120 min of 3.56+/-0.14, 15.84+/-2.08, 31.42+/-1.95 and 5...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.03.025
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The antimicrobial activity and toxicity to nematodes of the cyclam salt [H2{H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam}](CH3COO)2⋅(CH3COOH)2 were evaluated. Estimated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 9, 261 and 15 µg/mL were obtained for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. For selec...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.03.002
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study looked for beta-lactamase production in 100 Prevotella isolates. MICs were determined for amoxycillin, ticarcillin, amoxycillin+clavulanate, cephalothin, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefpodoxime and cefotaxime using the reference agar dilution method (standard M11 A4, NCCLS). Beta-lactamase activity was detected i...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00352-7
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carbapenemase-producing (CP) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is rare compared with mutation-driven carbapenem-resistance, but this situation may be changing. A collection of CP P. aeruginosa isolates was characterized in this study. In 2016, 232 unduplicated carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates, of which 71 (30.6%) carr...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106026
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Salicylidene acylhydrazide compounds have been shown to inhibit bacterial pathogens, including Chlamydia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. If such compounds could also target HIV-1, their potential use as topical microbicides to prevent sexually transmitted infections would be considerable. In this study, the in vitro anti-H...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.05.023
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales have become a major public-health issue worldwide. Here we report an outbreak caused by a clonal multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis strain producing VIM-4 metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and TEM-2 β-lactamase in a Greek tertiary-care hospital. From July 2015 to February 2016, 27 imip...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106060
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A total of 89 patients, (>18 years), with symptoms of chronic prostatitis and inflammatory findings as well as the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis confirmed by DNA/RNA DIGENE hybridization method and/or by isolation, McCoy culture and Lugol stain in expressed prostatic secretion or in voided bladder urine collected ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00056-6
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies have found an association between piperacillin/tazobactam when added to vancomycin and acute kidney injury (AKI) risk. However, studies were limited by the small sample size and residual confounding. The aim of this study was to compare the risk of AKI with vancomycin plus piperacillin/tazobactam (VPT) ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.02.023
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, 2275 clinical isolates of 49 species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated in The Netherlands were subjected to standardised drug susceptibility testing using the Middlebrook 7H10 agar dilution method. Clarithromycin and rifabutin were most active, with 87% and 83% of all isolates, respectively, bein...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.09.023
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Infectious diseases are among the most common reasons for admission to hospital and can easily lead to sepsis. Sepsis is globally associated with increased mortality, and although biomarkers could help clinicians in the early diagnosis of sepsis and immediate onset of antibiotics, there are always questions to be answ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.10.010
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Over the past decade, non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria have emerged as important opportunistic pathogens in the increasing population of patients who are immunocompromised by their disease or medical treatment. These bacteria are assisted by their ubiquitous distribution in the environment and have a propensity f...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0924-8579(07)72176-3
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:There has been recent renewed interest in historical antibiotics because of the increased antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Latamoxef, a semi-synthetic oxacephem antibiotic developed in 1980s, has recently been brought back into use for treatment of infections in newborns; however, it is still used off...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.11.017
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present pilot study we investigated the effect of food ingestion on target site pharmacokinetics of linezolid, the first clinically approved oxazolidinone. For this purpose we determined free concentrations of linezolid at steady state in the interstitial space fluid of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.017
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chemotherapy is a cornerstone of cancer treatment but it can have serious side effects, such as intestinal mucositis. This work reports the susceptibility/resistance profiles of 34 species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), bifidobacteria and other intestinal bacteria from different collections to various chemotherapeutic...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.07.011
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Spongistatin 1, a macrocyclic lactone polyether from the marine sponge Hyrtios erecta, was fungicidal for a variety of opportunistic yeasts and filamentous fungi, including strains resistant to amphotericin B, ketoconazole and flucytosine. In broth macrodilution assays, MICs ranged from 0.195 to 12.5 microg/ml, and mi...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(97)00044-7
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Antimicrobial peptides are proving to be promising lead compounds for therapeutics. The major disadvantage of antimicrobial peptides is their proteolytic instability in the body, with half-lives averaging less than an hour. Peptoids, or N-substituted glycines, have emerged as a promising field of peptidomi...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106048
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the relationship between the drug combinations of the eradication regimens and the prevalence of acquired resistance to clarithromycin. Of 540 patients treated with anti-Helicobacter pylori regimens containing clarithromycin, 55 patients (31 males, mean age, 45.6 years) with failed eradication ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00456-3
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In-vitro susceptibility of 7301 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli, originating from hospitals at and around Bratislava, to amikacin was evaluated during the years 1990-1992. In 1990 amikacin resistance represented 4.1%, in 1991 it increased to 7.3% and in 1992 a slight decline to 6.4% was observed. In Slovaki...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0924-8579(94)90064-7
更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The antimicrobial coating of prosthetic heart valve sewing cuffs has been considered a potentially effective method for preventing prosthetic valve endocarditis. Although traditional in vitro bacterial adherence studies are often useful as screening tools, they can be inadequate in examining the antiinfective efficacy...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00120-x
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multidrug resistance in yeast results from overexpression of genes encoding drug efflux transporters owing to gain-of-function mutations in transcription factors regulating their expression. We have screened a library of synthetic compounds for modulators of drug resistance using the multidrug-resistant Saccharomyces ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.08.037
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
