Abstract:
:The goal of finding an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is hampered by our uncertainty of the mechanism(s) responsible for the pathogenesis as well as the lack of knowledge of protective mechanisms. The effects of HIV on the immune system are myriad and thus the truly significant manifestations of the pathology are difficult to dissociate from those more peripheral. In this article we will initially characterize the natural history of HIV infection which shows a chronic and perhaps inexorable course. The second part will deal with the immune response mounted against this assault and the final section is a discussion of the possible unfavorable consequences of the immune response that humans muster against this agent.
journal_name
Int Rev Immunoljournal_title
International reviews of immunologyauthors
Lewis DE,Giorgi JVdoi
10.3109/08830189009061761subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-01-01 00:00:00pages
1-13issue
1eissn
0883-0185issn
1563-5244journal_volume
7pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Over the past few decades, advancements in molecular and cell biology have allowed scientists to identify a large number of new antigens from a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens. However, successful development of these antigens into effective vaccines strongly relies on delivery systems able to avoid the rapid...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180903215605
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sperm protein 17 belongs to the cancer/testis antigen family and was found to play a key role in the cell fusion process between the mammalian spermatozoa and egg. Sperm protein 17-specific autoantibodies in vasectomized males suggest its high expression in the testis. Sperm protein 17 expression levels are low or abs...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2011.569903
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypic antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. Since the primary target antigen of the autoimmune response is known and a well-characterized animal model is available, MG is often considered an excellent situation for the application of novel specific immunotherapies, many of which are di...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189909043020
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uveitis is underappreciated as a sight-threatening cause of blindness. There are two broad causative classes of uveitis: infectious and non-infectious. Non-infectious uveitis is considered a prototypical autoimmune disorder based mainly on data from experimental models in the mouse. Several different experimental mode...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2012.747524
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite their functional similarities, peripheral lymphoid tissues are remarkably different according to their developmental properties and structural characteristics, including their specified vasculature. Access of leukocytes to these organs critically depends on their interactions with the local endothelium, where ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2015.1059427
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The receptors on human natural killer 9NK cells which can specifically bind the Fc portion of immunoglobulin molecules (Fc receptors) have been extensively studied. The best known and studied Fc receptor on human NK cells is FcgammaRIIIa. Interactions of NK cells with IgG antibodies via this receptor are well known to...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180109054414
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aberrations of both innate immunity and adaptive immunity in genetically predisposed individuals evoked by environmental factors are suggested to be implicated in pathophysiological processes of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Autophagy, a degradation pathway in which cytoplasmic content is engulfed and degraded b...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2013.879711
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The progressive damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been linked to an increase in inflammatory Th1/Th17 cells and a decrease in number or function of immunomodulatory regulatory T cells (Tregs). Many therapies that are effective in RA are shown to affect Th1/Th17 cells and/or Tregs. One such therapy, abatacept, ut...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08830185.2018.1465943
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) persists as a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease and is characterized by the production of autoantibodies and immune complexes that affect multiple organs. The underlying mechanism that triggers and sustains disease are complex and involve certain susceptibility genes and enviro...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830181003602507
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immune response to the phosphorylcholine (PC) hapten elicited by PC-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is composed of 2 groups of antibodies with specificity to either PC or phenylphosphorylcholine which were designated as group I and II anti-PC antibodies, respectively. We demonstrate that anti-PC IgE antibody expre...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830188709044749
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elucidation of the structure of MHC molecules has provided profound new insights into their function in antigen presentation. In addition, structural studies have implicated certain regions of MHC molecules in specific functions. Although much of MHC biology has concentrated on the extensive polymorphism among these m...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189609061746
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::IL-10-deficient (IL-10-/-) mice, generated by a gene-targeted mutation, develop abnormal immune responses as a result of uncontrolled interactions between antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes. The studies reviewed herein have focused on the enterocolitis that spontaneously develops in IL-10-/- mice. Not unexpected...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180009048392
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus gordonii was engineered to express the microbicidal molecule H6, which is an antiidiotypic single chain antibody mimicking a yeast killer toxin. S. gordonii is a human commensal which we developed as a model system for mucosal delivery of heterologous proteins. The in vivo can...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180109043039
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cross-talk within the innate immune pathways is highly complex and contains many unknowns. Here, we discuss the different combinations of PAMPs, together with the sequence, order, and dosage of consecutive PAMP challenges, which determine the nature of the immune response by macrophages. The engagement of different To...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.921164
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which infects over 90% of adults, appears to have evolved to exploit the normal biology of B-cell development in order to persist as a life-long asymptomatic infection. However, EBV can contribute to oncogenesis. It has become evident that alterations in the expression of microRNAs (miRNA...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08830185.2012.748053
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Manipulation of the immune system in order specifically to attack autologous tumor cell has been a distant goal, largely due to the poor definition of tumor-associated antigens. By focussing on B cell lymphomas which express a molecularly defined clonal marker, the idiotypic immunoglobulin, it has been possible to gen...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830188909044783
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past 30 years, human papilloma virus (HPV) has been shown to play a role in the development of various cancers. Most notably, HPV has been linked to malignant progression in neoplasms of the anogenital region. However, high-risk HPV has also been suggested to play a significant role in the development of canc...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.911857
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The B cell-stimulating molecules, BAFF (B cell activating factor) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand), are critical factors in the maintenance of the B cell pool and humoral immunity. In addition, BAFF and APRIL are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of human autoimmune diseases, with elevated levels of ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830185.2016.1276903
更新日期:2017-01-02 00:00:00
abstract::The development of a strong cellular immune response is critical for the control of the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. This occurs by activation of a complex, integrated immune response, which utilizes cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In the last two decades there have been major advances in...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180213281
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immune privilege was first explored in the late 1800s by van Dooremaal, and was then extended by Medawar in the mid 1900s to fit in with emerging concepts of transplantation immunology. Modern concepts and understanding of immune privilege come from subsequent studies produced by Medawar, Billingham, and Streilein. Th...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180212066
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent decades, extensive studies have indicated that IL-17A plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis, but the underlying mechanisms are not immediately clear. In this review, we examined the literature from the recent years concerning the study of IL-17A in four kinds of tumor transfer paths, in...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830185.2017.1356296
更新日期:2017-11-02 00:00:00
abstract::Leukocytes can't perform phagocytosis in blood stream. Blood velocity prevents phagocytosis because there is no time for leukocyte to recognize and catch bacteria. Bloodstream clearance from pathogens is performed by erythrocytes. During motion in bloodstream erythrocytes become charged by triboelectric effect. This c...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.956359
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phagosome-lysosome (P-L) fusion is one of the central immune-effector responses of host. It is known that phagosome maturation process is associated with numerous signaling cascades and among these, important role of calcium (Ca2+) signaling has been realized recently. Ca2+ plays key roles in actin rearrangement, acti...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830185.2019.1592169
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), an autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), is becoming more and more prevalent in the recent years. Data on family and twin studies carry evidence for strong genetic influence on AITD susceptibility and development. The most common approaches to unravel the background of those diseases are who...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2012.755175
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is specialized for the recognition of pathogenic nucleic acids. TLR9 is expressed in intracellular compartments where it responds specifically to pathogen DNA. Several factors contribute to the ability of TLR9 to discriminate between self and foreign DNA. Regulatory mechanisms of the innate...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180600743107
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The B cell repertoire consists of three tiers of clonotype diversity. One tier, which is the product of H chain V region rearrangements in the absence of N additions, is of limited diversity (less than 10(8) clonotypes) so that clonotypes of this tier would be expected to recur within and among B cells of individuals ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189209055571
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Solid organ transplantation has become a clinical practice after the development of different immunosuppressive drugs that allowed controlling rejection. The price to be paid for that is the permanent risk of infections and malignancies and a significant drug-associated toxicity. The establishment of transplant tolera...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2013.829468
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway has been shown to be important in T lymphocyte-mediated cell death and is a key peripheral immunoregulatory mechanism that limits expansion of antigen-activated lymphocytes. The expression of Fas by commonly transplanted organs such as the heart, lung, kidney, and liver suggests that ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189909088497
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activation, proliferation, or programmed cell death of T lymphocytes are dependent on controlled reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) production and ATP synthesis in mitochondria. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Delta Psi(m)) also plays a decisive role in cell survival by controlling activity of redox-sensit...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180490452576
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mϕs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can efficiently phagocytose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB). It is quite interesting to mention here that DCs and Mϕs use distinct strategies to combat and eliminate Mtb. Simil...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2015.1015718
更新日期:2016-09-02 00:00:00