Abstract:
Background:Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is a characterized component in red ginseng widely used in Korea and China. GRh2 exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. However, its effects on Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection have not been clarified yet. Methods:The effect of GRh2 against T. gondii was assessed under in vitro and in vivo experiments. The BV2 cells were infected with tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain, and the effects of GRh2 were evaluated by MTT assay, morphological observations, immunofluorescence staining, a trypan blue exclusion assay, reverse transcription PCR, and Western blot analyses. The in vivo experiment was conducted with BALB/c mice inoculated with lethal amounts of tachyzoites with or without GRh2 treatment. Results and conclusion:The GRh2 treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of T. gondii under in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, GRh2 blocked the activation of microglia and specifically decreased the release of inflammatory mediators in response to T. gondii infection through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. In mice, GRh2 conferred modest protection from a lethal dose of T. gondii. After the treatment, the proliferation of tachyzoites in the peritoneal cavity of infected mice markedly decreased. Moreover, GRh2 also significantly decreased the T. gondii burden in mouse brain tissues. These findings indicate that GRh2 exhibits an anti-T. gondii effect and inhibits the microglial activation through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, providing the basic pharmacological basis for the development of new drugs to treat toxoplasmic encephalitis.
journal_name
J Ginseng Resjournal_title
Journal of ginseng researchauthors
Xu X,Jin L,Jiang T,Lu Y,Aosai F,Piao HN,Xu GH,Jin CH,Jin XJ,Ma J,Piao LXdoi
10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-09-01 00:00:00pages
704-716issue
5eissn
1226-8453issn
2093-4947pii
S1226-8453(19)30056-9journal_volume
44pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Roles of immune reaction and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) have widely been established in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). METHODS:We evaluated the biologic efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), urushiol, and probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus acidophilus R0052) in...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2014.04.002
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Panax ginseng is regarded as one of the best compounds for promoting health, and it has been used traditionally as a medicinal herb. Recently, Korean Red Ginseng (RG) has been shown to protect skin from aging and wrinkling; it can also relieve atopic dermatitis and allergy symptoms. This study aimed to evalu...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.006
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Radiotherapy is one of the most important modalities in cancer treatment; however, normal tissue damage is a serious concern. Drug development for the protection or reduction of normal tissue damage is therefore a clinical issue. Herein, we evaluated the protective properties of Panax ginseng Meyer and its c...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2016.02.006
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We evaluated the drug interaction profile of Red Ginseng (RG) with respect to the activities of major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in healthy Korean volunteers. METHODS:This article describes an open-label, crossover study. CYP probe cocktail drugs, caffeine, ...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2015.11.005
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is on...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.160
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is reported to have a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological applications. Ginseng may also be potentially valuable in treating cardiovascular diseases. Research concerning cardiovascular disease is focusing on purified individual ginsenoside constitue...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.16
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Panax ginseng is one of the most commonly used medicinal herbs worldwide for a variety of therapeutic properties including neurocognitive effects. Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the most abundant active chemical constituents of this herb with known neuroprotective, anxiolytic, and cognition improving effects. Me...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.010
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Ginsenosides, which are bioactive components in ginseng, can be converted to smaller compounds for improvement of their pharmacological activities. The conversion methods include heating; acid, alkali, and enzymatic treatment; and microbial conversion. The aim of this study was to determine the bioconversion...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.07.004
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Ginseng is a commonly used herbal medicine in treating various medical conditions. Chronic gut inflammation is a recognized factor for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this project, Asian ginseng berry polysaccharide preparations were used to assess their effects on CRC and related immune regul...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2018.12.010
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Compound K (CK) is a bioactive derivative of ginsenoside Rb1 in Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng). Its biological and pharmacological activities have been studied in various disease conditions, although its immunomodulatory role in innate immunity mediated by monocytes/macrophages has been poorly understood. In...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2016.06.004
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1), the major active constituent of ginseng, improves insulin sensitivity and exerts antidiabetic effects. We tested whether the insulin-sensitizing and antidiabetic effects of G-Rb1 results from a reduction in ectopic fat accumulation, mediated by inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes. ...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2014.11.004
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been shown to have anti-aging effects in animal and clinical studies. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ginseng exerts these effects remain unknown. Here, the anti-aging effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) in rat testes was examined by system biology analysis. KRG water extrac...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.272
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:The root and rhizome are historically and officially utilized medicinal parts of Panax notoginseng (PN) (Burk.) F. H. Chen, which in raw and steamed forms are used differently in practice. Methods:To investigate the differences in chemical composition and bioactivities of PN root and rhizome between raw and...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.004
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Ginsenoside Rf is a ginseng saponin found only in Panax ginseng that affects lipid metabolism. It also has neuroprotective and antiinflammatory properties. We previously showed that Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) inhibited the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by hypoxia via peroxisome proliferator-activated ...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2018.11.007
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Ginsenosides are known as the principal pharmacological active constituents in Panax medicinal plants such as Asian ginseng, American ginseng, and Notoginseng. Some ginsenosides, especially the 20(R) isomers, are found in trace amounts in natural sources and are difficult to chemically synthesize. The presen...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.09.005
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Identifying suitable site for growing mountain-cultivated ginseng is a concern for ginseng producers. This study was conducted to evaluate the soil properties of cultivation sites for mountain-cultivated ginseng in Hamyang-gun, which is one of the most well-known areas for mountain-cultivated ginseng in Kore...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2014.06.004
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Ginsenoside Rg3, a derivative of steroidal saponins abundant in ginseng, has a range of effects on cancer cells, including anti-cell proliferation and anti-inflammation activity. Here, we investigate two long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), STXBP5-AS1 and RFX3-AS1, which are hypomethylated and hypermethylated in t...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2019.02.004
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::An light-emitting diode (LED)-based light source was used as a monochromatic light source to determine the responses of raw ginseng roots (Panax ginseng Meyer) to specific emission spectra with respect to the production of ginsenosides. The ginsenoside content in the ginseng roots changed in response to the LED light ...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.5142/jgr.2012.36.2.198
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A quick and simple method for simultaneous determination of the 30 ginsenosides (ginsenoside Ro, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(R)-Rg2, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, 20(R)-Rh2, F1, F2, F4, Ra1, Rg6, Rh4, Rk3, Rg5, Rk1, Rb3, Rk2, Rh3, compound Y, compound K, and notoginsenoside R1) in Panax ...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.5142/jgr.2013.37.457
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Panax ginseng Meyer has been used as a nourishing edible herb in East Asia for thousands of years. 25-OH-PPT was first discovered as a natural rare triterpenoid saponin in ginseng stems and leaves by our group. Research found that it showed strong inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phos...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.002
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tissue fibrosis is an eventual pathologic change of numerous chronic illnesses, which is characterized by resident fibroblasts differentiation into myofibroblasts during inflammation, coupled with excessive extracellular matrix deposition in tissues, ultimately leading to failure of normal organ function. Now, there a...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.003
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, we have investigated the effects of total saponin from Korean red ginseng (TSKRG) on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. TSKRG dose-dependently inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with IC50 value of about 81.1 μg/mL. In addition, TSKRG dose-dependently decreased thrombin-elevated the leve...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.5142/jgr.2013.37.176
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Identification of the origins of Panax ginseng has been issued in Korea scientifically and economically. We describe a metabolomics approach used for discrimination and prediction of ginseng roots from different origins in Korea. The fresh ginseng roots from six ginseng cooperative associations (Gangwon, Gaeseong, Pun...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.5142/jgr.2013.37.341
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been known to possess many ginsenosides. These ginsenosides are used for curing cardiovascular problems. The present study show the protective potential of KRG against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced myocardial dysfunction, by assessing electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, and biochemica...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2019.03.002
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The detrimental impact of air pollution as a result of frequent exposure to fine particles posed a global public health risk mainly to the pulmonary disorders in pediatric and geriatric population. Here, we reviewed the current literature regarding the role of ginseng and/or its components as antimicrobials, especiall...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.001
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Despite the large number of studies on ginseng, pharmacological activities of ginseng seed oil (GSO) have not been established. GSO is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, mostly oleic and linoleic acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are known to exert a therapeutic effect in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)....
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.010
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Panax ginseng is a traditional herb used for medicinal purposes in eastern Asia. P. ginseng contains various ginsenosides with pharmacological effects. In this study, floralginsenoside A (FGA), ginsenoside Rd (GRD), and ginsenoside Re (GRE) were purified from P. ginseng berry. METHODS:Chemical structures of...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.005
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:The mixed-cultivation of different Panax ginseng cultivars can cause adverse effects on stability of yield and quality. K-1 is a superior cultivar with good root shape and stronger disease resistance. DNA markers mined from functional genes are clearly desirable for K-1, as they may associate with major trai...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.001
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Steaming of ginseng is known to change its chemical composition and biological activity. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different steaming time-scales on chemical constituents and antiproliferative activity of Vietnamese ginseng (VG). METHODS:VG was steamed at 105°C for 2-20 h. Its ...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2015.01.006
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:To investigate the effect of pectinase-treated Panax ginseng (GINST) in cellular and male subfertility animal models. METHODS:Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced mouse spermatocyte GC-2spd cells were used as an in vitro model. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. For the in vivo study, GINST (200 mg/kg...
journal_title:Journal of ginseng research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2015.08.005
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00