Abstract:
PURPOSE:Since the exact development of posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs) is poorly understood, we review various risk factors and propose a two-stage etiology for PSCs. METHODS:The biological mechanisms associated with age-related cataracts (primarily nuclear cataracts, cortical cataracts and PSCs) were reviewed in relation to selected risk factors that induce PSCs (including atopy, diabetes, hypoparathyroidism, myopia, retinitis, solar radiation, steroid use, uveitis, vitrectomy and ionizing radiation). We particularly focused on ionizing radiation, as this is known to be a risk factor specific to PSCs. Based on an analysis of the reviewed material, we propose a detailed explanation of the etiology of PSCs. CONCLUSIONS:Lens epithelial cells (LECs) and lens fiber cells are normally hypoxic and therefore very sensitive to changes in oxidative stress, as quantified by the radiation oxygen effect. We hypothesize that the development of PSC opacities is a two-stage process. Stage I, early in life, is driven by risk factors that promote oxidative stress and ion-pump disruption, harming lens fibers and causing aberrant LECs to proliferate and ectopically migrate as Wedl cells (perhaps by processes associated with an epithelial to mesenchymal transition) to the posterior pole region. After a latent period, in Stage II, the development of PSCs advances mainly due to chronic inflammation and other premature aging-related mechanisms that promote mature vacuolar or plaque PSC. This two-stage hypothesis of PSC etiology accounts for risk factors, such as aging, diabetes and ionizing radiation, which directly affects LECs and the lens. In addition, these risk factors can damage other ocular regions, such as the retina and vitreous, that also indirectly contribute to the development of PSCs. It is possible that the incidence of PSCs may be reduced by reversing the effects of Stage I through various means, including ocular antioxidants.
journal_name
Int J Radiat Bioljournal_title
International journal of radiation biologyauthors
Richardson RB,Ainsbury EA,Prescott CR,Lovicu FJdoi
10.1080/09553002.2020.1812759subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-11-01 00:00:00pages
1339-1361issue
11eissn
0955-3002issn
1362-3095journal_volume
96pub_type
杂志文章abstract:PURPOSE:Genotoxic effects have been considered the gold standard to determine if an environmental factor is a carcinogen, but the currently available data for extremely low frequency time-varying magnetic fields (ELF-MF) remain controversial. As an environmental stimulus, the effect of ELF-MF on cellular DNA may be sub...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/09553002.2014.887866
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Cartilage degradation usually results as a consequence of inflammatory processes in the joints. To study this phenomenon experimentally, adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) was used as a model of chronic inflammation under the influence of irradiation. The potential chondroprotective effect of 13% aqueous extract ...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/09553002.2011.530337
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The scission of pentadeoxythymidylic acid, d(pT)5, by monochromatic soft X-rays on (2153 eV) and below (2147 eV) the K-shell absorption peak of phosphorus was studied as a model of strand breakage in DNA. Samples dried on glass plates were irradiated by monochromatic soft X-rays in vacuo, and the products were analyse...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553009314550201
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We used a cell sorter assay to evaluate the efficacy of the hypoxic cell sensitizer etanidazole over 3-4 logs of cell inactivation, with particular attention to the clinically relevant low-dose survival region. Analysis of the radiation responses in a panel of six human tumour cell lines under conditions of hypoxia an...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/095530096144617
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study simulates the exposure of V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts to low-energy protons, deuterons and alpha-particles in the LET range 10-200 keV/microm. The starting assumption is that the induction of clustered lesions in DNA is a fundamental step for cell inactivation. A non-homogeneous cell population was simu...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/095530097143004
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Biomarkers of ionising radiation exposure are useful in a variety of scenarios, such as medical diagnostic imaging, occupational exposures, and spaceflight. This study investigates to what extent microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures in mouse peripheral blood can be used as biomarkers for exposures to radiatio...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/09553002.2010.549537
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The chemical instability of DNA under physiological conditions requires that cells have highly developed processes for repairing stochastic single-strand damage. It is proposed here that provided ionizing-radiation-induced single-strand damage does not occur at a rate sufficient to perturb the dynamic steady state bet...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553009114552421
更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To determine whether chromosomal instability is induced in human diploid fibroblasts by ionizing radiation and to investigate the effects of radiation quality by comparing X-rays, neutrons and alpha-particles. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Cells from two human diploid fibroblast lines, HF12 and HF19, were irradiated a...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/095530098142518
更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To assess changes in mitochondrial morphology and mitophagy induced by simulated sunlight irradiation (SSI) and how these changes are modulated by mitochondrial activity and energy source. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Human malignant amelanotic melanoma A375 cells were pre-treated with either a mitochondrial activity...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/09553002.2011.556175
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To study cell damage and possible apoptosis in K562 human erythroleukemic cells exposed for 2 h to an extremely low frequency (ELF) 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field with a magnetic induction of either 1 or 5 mT using high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553000500102985
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Swiss albino mice (7-8 weeks old) were irradiated with different doses (0-25 Gy) of gamma-radiation at a dose-rate of 0.05 Gy/s. The specific activities of glyoxalase I (GI) and glyoxalase II (GII) were determined in the spleen and liver immediately and on the 3rd and 6th day postirradiation. The results indicate that...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553009314550301
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Previous systematic structure-activity studies of the desferrithiocin (DFT) platform have allowed the design and synthesis of analogues and derivatives of DFT that retain the exceptional iron-clearing activity of the parent, while eliminating its adverse effects. We hypothesized that a similar approach could be...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553000902781089
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The need to determine a reliable relative biological effectiveness (RBE) value for alpha exposures has become important as reports remain controversial. Although a radiation-weighting factor of 20 has been designated for alpha particles, uncertainty exists on realistic value of the RBE of alpha radiation. The a...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/09553002.2015.1047986
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim was to review and summarize the results of 40 years of study concerning the response to ionizing radiation of the pair of L5178Y (LY) sublines, LY-R and LY-S, that differ in sensitivity to various DNA-damaging agents, among them X- and gamma-rays. The reviewed data indicate the key importance of DNA damage rep...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/09553000500143534
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To follow plasma Flt3-ligand (FL) concentrations in irradiated animals in order to evaluate it as an indicator of bone marrow damage for the management of accidental radiation-induced aplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Non-human primates were irradiated at doses ranging from 2 to 8 Gy, using whole- or partial-body...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553000110043711
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:It is considered that exposure to static magnetic fields (SMF) may have both detrimental and therapeutic effect, but the mechanism of SMF influence on the living organisms is not well understood. Since the adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are involved in both physiological and...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553002.2018.1518611
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The aim is to assess the change with age and disease of the oxygen concentration within the coronary artery walls. MATERIALS AND METHODS:In an accompanying paper, Part A, the age-dependent morphology and composition for the wall layers of normal and diseased coronary arteries were developed from published data...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553000802389645
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two novel nitroimidazole-carboranes were examined for their uptake and retention in two experimental murine solid tumours and in some normal tissues, using in vivo 11B magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The compounds were injected i.p. at 0.8mmol/kg into mice bearing either the SCCVII/Ha squamous cell carcinoma or KHT s...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/095530096144798
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:We already reported that levels of interferon (IFN)-γ have been shown to be markedly reduced in mice seven weeks after irradiation, resulting in a T helper (Th) 1/Th2 imbalance. To investigate whether the single or fractionated γ-irradiation induced an immune imbalance, we analysed the Th1-related immune respon...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/09553002.2011.542540
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The existence of a correlation between experimental probabilities of cell inactivation by charged particles and calculated probabilities for K-vacancy production in heavy atoms (C, N, O, P) of the DNA of cell nuclei is established. Both phenomena display a similar dependence upon the linear energy transfer (LET) of in...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553009414550601
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:MRL-lpr/lpr mice, a model for various autoimmune diseases, were repeatedly irradiated with 0.5 Gy of gamma-rays, and changes in their autoimmune manifestations were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS:MRL-lpr/lpr mice at 13 weeks of age were maintained in plastic cages and exposed whole-body to 0.5 Gy gamma-ra...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553000500519790
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wet heat shock (60 degrees C, 90 s) and caffeine (3.8 X 10(-4) M) afford significant radioprotection against post-irradiation O2-dependent damage which develops in seeds of approximately 3.5% moisture content. The damage was assessed in terms of seedling injury on the eighth day of growth. An increase in seedling inju...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553009114551101
更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To investigate the mechanism of methylene blue-induced radiosensitization in Escherichia coli cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Bacteriophage lambda15 was irradiated with X-rays in the presence or absence of methylene blue (MB) and infected into bacteria with different repair capabilities preincubated with or witho...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553000050134528
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The repair of DNA double-strand breaks was measured by pH 7.2 filter elution in cells incubated at 25-45 degrees C either before or after X-irradiation. Exposure to 45 degrees C for 15 minutes immediately prior to X-irradiation significantly increased both the half-time for DNA double-strand break closure and the numb...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553009214550601
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cell cycle dependence for the induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutation was investigated using synchronized mouse L5178Y cells after exposure to 4 Gy to 60Co gamma-rays or 1 Gy of 252Cf radiation (fission neutrons). Maximal mutation frequency was observed immediately after release from colcemid block (G2/M phase) ...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553009314550631
更新日期:1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To determine whether murine lymphoid cell lines can discriminate between high- and low-LET (linear energy transfer) radiation-induced DNA lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Sensitivity to killing by DNA-incorporated 3H and 125I decays, accumulated during storage in the gas phase of a liquid nitrogen tank, was dete...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553000110120337
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The long-term effect of low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation on the lens is still a matter of debate and needs to be evaluated in more detail. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We conducted a detailed histological analysis of eyes from B6C3F1 mice cohorts after acute gamma irradiation (60Co source; 0.063 Gy/min) at...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553002.2021.1876951
更新日期:2021-01-19 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Despite proven antitumor activity of gemcitabine in chemoradiotherapy of advanced head and neck cancer, many authors refer to severe acute and late local and haematological toxicity. Fludarabine does imply nearly the same mechanisms of action as gemcitabine, inhibiting various enzymes involved in DNA replicatio...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553000802241754
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calibration of the non-denaturing (pH 9.6) filter elution technique by 125I decays has been used to examine the relationship between X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) and cellular survival of CHO cells and human fibroblasts. DNA dsb induction varies markedly between the two cell lines, reflecting the differ...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553009314550411
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To analyze the role of mus-genes repair in system activation P-elements in Drosophila melanogaster induced by a chronic exposure to low doses. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The materials were dysgenic individuals of Drosophila melanogaster with mutations in repair genes (mus101, mus205, mus304, mus308, mus309) and sim...
journal_title:International journal of radiation biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09553002.2016.1206221
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00