Abstract:
:Gram-negative bacteria have evolved numerous pathways to secrete proteins across their complex cell envelopes. Here, we describe a protein secretion system that uses a holin membrane protein in tandem with a cell wall-editing enzyme to mediate the secretion of substrate proteins from the periplasm to the cell exterior. The identity of the cell wall-editing enzymes involved was found to vary across biological systems. For instance, the chitinase secretion pathway of Serratia marcescens uses an endopeptidase to facilitate secretion, whereas the secretion of Typhoid toxin in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi relies on a muramidase. Various families of holins are also predicted to be involved. Genomic analysis indicates that this pathway is conserved and implicated in the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and toxins for a range of bacteria. The pairing of holins from different families with various types of peptidoglycan hydrolases suggests that this secretion pathway evolved multiple times. We suggest that the complementary bodies of evidence presented is sufficient to propose that the pathway be named the Type 10 Secretion System (TXSS).
journal_name
Mol Microbioljournal_title
Molecular microbiologyauthors
Palmer T,Finney AJ,Saha CK,Atkinson GC,Sargent Fdoi
10.1111/mmi.14599subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-09-04 00:00:00eissn
0950-382Xissn
1365-2958pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Microtubules are key players in the biology of Trypanosomatid parasites, not only as classical components of the mitotic spindle, microtubule-organizing centres and flagellum but also as the essential constituent of the cytoskeleton. Their length dynamics are regulated by, among others, microtubule-severing proteins. ...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06594.x
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fungal pathogens have evolved sophisticated machinery to precisely balance the fine line between acquiring essential metals and defending against metal toxicity. Iron and copper are essential metals for many processes in both fungal pathogens and their mammalian hosts, but reduce viability when present in excess. Howe...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/mmi.12653
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) elicit changes in host cell morphology and cause actin rearrangement, a phenotype that has commonly been referred to as attaching/effacing (AE) lesions. The ability of EPEC to induce AE lesions is dependent upon a type III protein secretion/translocation system that is encoded ...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01655.x
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many bacterial gene regulatory circuits are controlled by temperature. Temperature-mediated regulation occurs at the level of transcription and translation. Supercoiling, changes in mRNA conformation and protein conformation are all implicated in thermosensing. Bacterial virulence functions are often temperature regul...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01049.x
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Poly(A) polymerase I (PAP I) of Escherichia coli is a member of the nucleotidyltransferase (Ntr) superfamily that includes the eukaryotic PAPs and all the known tRNA CCA-adding enzymes. Five highly conserved aspartic acids in the putative catalytic site of PAP I were changed to either alanine or proline, demonstrating...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01394.x
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quorum-sensing control of luminescence in Vibrio harveyi, which involves an indirect autoinducer-mediated phosphorelay signal transduction system, contrasts with the prototypical quorum-sensing system of Vibrio fischeri, in which the autoinducer and the transcriptional activator LuxR directly activate lux operon expre...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03453.x
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The chromosomal DpnII gene cassette of Streptococcus pneumoniae encodes two methyltransferases and an endonuclease. One methyltransferase acts on double-stranded and the other on single-stranded DNA. Two mRNAs are transcribed from the cassette. One, a SigA promoter transcript, includes all three genes; the other inclu...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01777.x
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genes acrAB encode a multidrug efflux pump in Escherichia coli. We have previously reported that transcription of acrAB is increased under general stress conditions (i.e. 4% ethanol, 0.5 M NaCl, and the stationary phase in Luria-Bertani medium). In this study, lacZ transcriptional fusions and an in vitro gel mobility ...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.357881.x
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Klebsiella pneumoniae strain PAP996 was previously shown to secrete fatty acylated, aggregated (micellar) pullulanase only after the end of exponential growth. Here we show that the closely related strain K21 secretes large amounts of unacylated, non-aggregated (monomeric) pullulanase during exponential growth. Only a...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00196.x
更新日期:1989-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We previously characterized a defective-folding mutant of maltose-binding protein of Escherichia coli, MalE31, which formed periplasmic inclusion bodies. Here, we show that MalE31 aggregation does not affect bacterial growth at 30 degrees C but is lethal at 37 degrees C. Surprisingly, under mild heat shock conditions ...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03785.x
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The kinetics of initiation of chromosome replication after induction of DnaA protein synthesis was studied in a dnaA(nuII) rnh mutant of Escherichia coli. DnaA protein synthesis was induced to different extents using the wild-type dnaA gene controlled by a lac promoter. Initiation of chromosome replication from oriC, ...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02229.x
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have devised a simple method for the reconstitution of bacterial membrane proteins directly from small (1-20 ml) volumes of cell culture, thus eliminating the preparation of membrane vesicles. Cells are subjected to simultaneous lysozyme digestion and osmotic lysis, and after brief centrifugation ghosts are solubil...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00720.x
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent progress in the analysis of mutants of the Escherichia coli lactose carrier function is reviewed, with special emphasis on the structural basis for energy barriers which prevent 'forbidden' conformational changes. Mutations which break down the barriers to forbidden isomerizations involving the binary carrier:s...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb02053.x
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::9 alpha-Hydroxylation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) is catalysed by 3-ketosteroid 9 alpha-hydroxylase (KSH), a key enzyme in microbial steroid catabolism. Very limited knowledge is presently available on the KSH enzyme. Here, we report for the first time the identification and ...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03069.x
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudomonas aeruginosa can express two distinct forms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), called A-band and B-band. As an attempt to understand the molecular biology of the synthesis and regulation of these LPS antigens, a recombinant plasmid, pFV3, containing genes for A-band expression was isolated previously. In the prese...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01620.x
更新日期:1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The carboxyl-terminal region of diphtheria toxin (DT) has been analysed in order to determine regions of receptor recognition. Biochemical cleavage of the toxin with hydroxylamine (HA) was used to generate the peptides HA9DT (residues 454-535), HA6DT (residues 482-535), and HA3DT (residues 454-481). Characterization o...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01149.x
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The gene encoding the multifunctional enzyme enniatin synthetase from Fusarium scirpi (esyn1) was isolated and characterized by transcriptional mapping and expression studies in Escherichia coli. This is the first example of a gene encoding an N-methyl peptide synthetase. The nucleotide sequence revealed an open readi...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01181.x
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A number of eukaryotic proteins are already known to orchestrate key steps of mRNA metabolism and translation via interactions with the 5' m7GpppN cap. We have characterized a new type of histidine triad (HIT) motif protein (Nhm1) that co-purifies with the cap-binding complex eIF4F of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nhm1 i...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03151.x
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes two paralogous P1 B 4 -ATPases, CtpD (Rv1469) and CtpJ (Rv3743). Both proteins showed ATPase activation by Co(2+) and Ni(2+) , and both appear to be required for metal efflux from the cell. However, using a combination of biochemical and genetic studies we found that th...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/mmi.12454
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Listeria monocytogenes grows in the cytosol of mammalian cells and spreads from cell to cell without exiting the intracellular milieu. During cell-cell spread, bacteria become transiently entrapped in double-membrane vacuoles. Escape from these vacuoles is mediated in part by a bacterial phospholipase C (PC-PLC), whos...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01708.x
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human stomach pathogen Helicobacter pyloriattaches to healthy and inflamed gastric tissue through members of a paralogous family of 'Helicobacter outer membrane proteins' (Hops), including adhesins BabA, SabA, HopQ, LabA and HopZ. Hops share a conserved 25 kDa C-terminal region that is thought to form an autotrans...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/mmi.14075
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wild strains of Bacillus subtilis are capable of forming architecturally complex communities of cells known as biofilms. Critical to biofilm formation is the eps operon, which is believed to be responsible for the biosynthesis of an exopolysaccharide that binds chains of cells together in bundles. We report that trans...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04440.x
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study describes the use and the advantages of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter molecule for mycobacteria. The gfp gene from Aequorea victoria was placed under the control of the hsp60 promoter in the shuttle vector pGFM-11. The gfp expression in the recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis and BCG was...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17050913.x
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Using the genomic SELEX, a total of six Escherichia coli DNA fragments have been identified, which formed complexes with transcription factor RutR. The RutR regulon was found to include a large number of genes encoding components for not only degradation of pyrimidines but also transport of glutamate, synthesis of glu...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05954.x
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::ICEMlSym(R7A) of Mesorhizobium loti is an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) that confers the ability to form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Lotus species. Horizontal transfer is activated by TraR and N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL), which can stimulate ICE excision in 100% of cells. However, in wild-type cu...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/mmi.12079
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein degradation is required for homeostasis of all living organisms. Self-compartmentalized ATP-dependent proteases are required for virulence of several pathogenic bacteria. Among the proteases implicated are ClpP and Lon, as well as the more recently identified bacterial proteasome. It is generally assumed that ...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05128.x
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::FlhD and FlhC are the transcriptional activators of the flagellar regulon. The heterotetrameric complex formed by these two proteins activates the transcription of the class II flagellar genes. The flagellar regulon consists not only of flagellar genes, but also of the chemotactic genes and some receptor proteins. Rec...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02248.x
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leishmania parasites target macrophages in their mammalian hosts and proliferate within the mature phagolysosome compartment of these cells. Intracellular amastigote stages are dependent on sugars as a major carbon source in vivo, but retain the capacity to utilize other carbon sources. To investigate whether amastigo...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/mmi.13923
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A growing class of proteins regulates transcription through interaction with DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Here we report that a recently identified, highly conserved sporulation gene ylyA encodes a novel RNA polymerase-binding protein that influences the expression of genes under the control of the late-acting, sporu...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/mmi.12262
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The de novo purine biosynthetic enzymes 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide-ribonucleotide (AICAR) transformylase (EC 2.1.2.3), IMP cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.10) and glycineamide-ribonucleotide (GAR) synthetase (EC 2.1.2.2) are encoded by the purHD locus of Escherichia coli. The DNA sequence of this locus revealed two open ...
journal_title:Molecular microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00605.x
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00