Abstract:
:Nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit prostaglandin formation by cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2. NSAIDs selective for inhibition of COX-2 are less likely than traditional drugs to cause serious gastrointestinal adverse effects, but predispose to adverse cardiovascular events, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Evidence from human pharmacology and genetics, genetically manipulated rodents, and other animal models and randomized trials indicates that this is consequent to suppression of COX-2-dependent cardioprotective prostagladins, particularly prostacyclin. Lessons drawn from how this saga unfolded are relevant to how we approach drug surveillance and regulation, integrate diversifed forms of information and might pursue a more personalized approach to drug efficacy and risk.
journal_name
Annu Rev Medjournal_title
Annual review of medicineauthors
Grosser T,Yu Y,Fitzgerald GAdoi
10.1146/annurev-med-011209-153129subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-01-01 00:00:00pages
17-33eissn
0066-4219issn
1545-326Xjournal_volume
61pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Acute pancreatitis is not the cause but may be a complication of chronic pancreatitis. Different forms of chronic pancreatitis are described. The most frequent type in all climates, chronic calcifying pancreatitis, has different causes but similar pathological changes. It is a lithiasis in which a new family of molecu...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.40.020189.002321
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 2012, a zoonotic coronavirus was identified as the causative agent of Middle East respiratory syndrome and was named MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). As of August 11, 2016, the virus has infected 1,791 patients, with a mortality rate of 35.6%. Although MERS-CoV generally causes subclinical or mild disease, infection ca...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-051215-031152
更新日期:2017-01-14 00:00:00
abstract::Major inhalational anesthetics cause inhibition in the electron transport chain in the region of Complex I resulting in decreased oxygen utilization, inhibition of metabolism of NAD-linked substrates, but not of succinate, inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uptake, and depression of synaptic transmission because of p...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.26.020175.002135
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Remarkable progress made in the past few years has brought pancreatic islet transplantation to the threshold of human clinical trials. Islet transplants have reversed diabetes in experimental animals and prevented or reversed early diabetic complications in the recipients. Methods have been developed that prevent reje...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.37.020186.000341
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An effective host response to infection or tissue damage requires focal accumulation of leukocytes. Leukocyte adhesion to the vessel wall, a key step in this process, depends on the ordered expression of specific endothelial cell surface molecules. The endothelial molecules that support adhesion include selectins that...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.45.1.361
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stress and starvation, especially when complicated by sepsis, will give rise to a rapid erosion of the cellular mass, which significantly affects morbidity and mortality. The best clinical evaluation of the nutritional state is obtained from the medical history and the physical examination. In the patient who cannot e...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.42.020191.003001
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::New insights into atherosclerosis, the most common disease affecting coronary arteries, may change therapeutic strategies from largely symptomatic to causal. Atherosclerotic plaques contain a lipid-related, immune-mediated inflammation, with release of secretory products capable of changing plaque morphology. Plaques ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.52.1.289
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natural killer (NK) cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes, with azurophilic granules in their cytoplasm, that have spontaneous cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cells, virus-infected cells, and some normal cells in the bone marrow and thymus. When lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.37.020186.002023
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common and systemic disease characterized by formation of focal cysts. Of the three potential causes of cysts, downstream obstruction, compositional changes in extracellular matrix, and proliferation of partially dedifferentiated cells, evidence strongly suppor...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.52.1.93
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important public health problem worldwide, resulting in a estimated 8 to 10 million new cases and 2 to 3 million deaths each year. Between 1953 and 1985, the number of TB cases in the US declined by an average of 6% per year. However, since 1985, TB has been increasing in the US. Approxima...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.46.1.47
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Kawasaki Syndrome is a newly recognized clinical entity characterized by multisystem involvement. It has an acute onset and a triphasic clinical course. Although essentially a self-limited disease, permanent vascular damage, especially involving the coronary arteries, may result. Pathologically the disease is characte...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.003033
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Therapeutic strategies designed to target cancer metabolism are an area of intense research. Antimetabolites, first used to treat patients in the early twentieth century, served as an early proof of concept for such therapies. We highlight strategies that attempt to improve on the anti-metabolite approach as well as n...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-092012-112344
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genomic era is changing the understanding of cancer, although translation of the vast amount of data available into decision-making algorithms is far from reality. Molecular profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common cause of death among cirrhotic patients and a fast-growing malignancy in Western...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.080608.100623
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development of an HIV vaccine is proving to be an unprecedented challenge. The difficulty in creating this vaccine arises from the enormous genetic variation of the virus and the unusual importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in controlling its spread. Whereas traditional vaccine strategies are unlikely to co...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.54.101601.152349
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity is perhaps the most significant public health problem facing the United States today. Obese patients are at increased risk for numerous medical problems, which can adversely affect surgical outcome. However, these risks have not uniformly translated into increased or prohibitive operative morbidity and mortali...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.215
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the practice of internal medicine, the value of genetic testing in common (mono)genetic diseases such as familial hemochromatosis, hypercholesterolemia, Mediterranean fever, and thrombophilia is limited. The genotype insufficiently predicts the phenotype because of the powerful effects of other modifying genes, env...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.103007.132540
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 study (HPTN 052) was a clinical trial designed to determine whether early treatment for HIV infection prevented transmission of the virus in couples where one partner was infected with HIV and the other was not, referred to as HIV serodiscordant or serodifferent couples. The study...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-110918-034551
更新日期:2020-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::The overexpression and aberrant function of members of the erbB family of receptors, particularly erbB1 (also known as epidermal growth factor receptor), and its ligands in many human cancers have provided a rationale for targeting this signaling network with novel approaches. erbB1 is a selective target for inhibitin...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104433
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antiviral drugs are important in the management of seasonal influenza and critical to pandemic planning. Although several other classes of anti-influenza compounds exist, the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are currently the only option in most clinical settings. These drugs, zanamivir and oseltamivir, prevent the relea...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.061506.213121
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The eosinophil is characterized by specific cytoplasmic granules that contain a series of cationic toxins able to kill many targets, including helminths, protozoa, bacteria, and other cells. In bronchial asthma, considerable evidence exists that the eosinophil releases granule proteins, especially the major basic prot...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.44.020193.000505
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Life expectancy has increased dramatically in the United States and in much of the world in recent years and decades. The factors underlying this increase are incompletely understood and are undoubtedly complex. A question that drives current research is whether life expectancy can be further extended using current kn...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.061607.220533
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parallel and often unrelated developments in health care and technology have all been necessary to bring about early detection of lung cancer and the opportunity to decrease mortality from lung cancer through early detection of the disease by computed tomography. Lung cancer screening programs provide education for pa...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-020917-053556
更新日期:2018-01-29 00:00:00
abstract::Our understanding of the role of the immune system in modulating glomerular injury continues to evolve. The participation of antibody, complement, and neutrophils alone cannot completely explain many aspects of the pathways of experimental and human glomerulonephritis. The elements of the immune system that mediate ce...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.42.020191.000325
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atrial fibrillation is the most common dysrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. For some patients, satisfactory rate control is not possible by pharmacologic means. This led us to develop a surgical approach to its cure, which in turn has led to a deeper understanding of the electrophysiologic basis of atrial fib...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.511
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Breast cancers present as a spectrum of neoplasms. The natural histories of the neoplasms are tied to the biological properties of the neoplastic cells that compose them. We review the histological, cytological, kinetic, and other parameters that best characterize the clinical biology of breast cancer. ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.39.020188.002321
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The foregoing summarizes what can be learned from a carefully performed antiglobulin test using specific antisera. Clinical syndromes can be more easily considered, and mechanisms of destruction can be more certainly discerned. ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.26.020175.001555
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a common hematologic disorder manifested by immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. The diagnosis remains one of exclusion, after other thrombocytopenic disorders are ruled out based on history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation. The goal of treatment is to raise th...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.56.082103.104644
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis are newly recognized causes of chronic watery diarrhea that typically affect middle-aged patients. Although endoscopic studies are normal, inflammatory changes and (in the case of collagenous colitis) collagen deposition occur histologically in the colonic mucosa. The pathogenesis o...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.45.1.105
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs with important functions in development, cell differentiation, and regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. MiRNA expression is deregulated in cancer by a variety of mechanisms including amplification, deletion, mutation, and epigenetic silencing. Several studies have now sh...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.053006.104707
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality on a global scale. The gut microbiota has emerged as a potential target to beneficially modulate CMD risk, possibly via dietary interventions. Dietary interventions have been...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-062218-023720
更新日期:2020-01-27 00:00:00