Abstract:
:The fracture of bone is clearly a major health concern, especially for the elderly. Medical therapies to reduce the possibility of bone fracture to date have principally centered on treating the loss in bone mass (bone mineral density) that accompanies aging (i.e., addressing the loss in bone quantity). However, it is now known that there is an additional, perhaps more significant, effect of the degradation in the inherent properties of bone (i.e., a loss in bone quality) with age. To address this issue, we review here the structure and properties of bone, focusing on its strength and fracture resistance from the perspective of the multidimensional hierarchical nature of its structure. We show that bone derives its resistance to fracture from a multitude of deformation and toughening mechanisms at many of these size-scales, ranging from the nanoscale structure of its protein molecules to its macroscopic physiological state.
journal_name
Ann N Y Acad Scijournal_title
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencesauthors
Ritchie ROdoi
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05232.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-03-01 00:00:00pages
72-80eissn
0077-8923issn
1749-6632pii
NYAS5232journal_volume
1192pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Preeclampsia is the disorder of pregnancy with the highest rate of both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The maternal syndrome is characterized by oxidative stress and activation of the vascular endothelium that may originate from placental release of lipid peroxidation products, cytokines, and micropart...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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abstract::Both orbital and attitude dynamics employ the method of variation of parameters. In a non-perturbed setting, the coordinates (or the Euler angles) are expressed as functions of the time and six adjustable constants called elements. Under disturbance, each such expression becomes ansatz, the "constants" being endowed w...
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journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
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