Genomic evidence for gene flow between monarchs with divergent migratory phenotypes and flight performance.

Abstract:

:Monarch butterflies are known for their spectacular annual migration in eastern North America, with millions of monarchs flying up to 4,500 km to overwintering sites in central Mexico. Monarchs also live west of the Rocky Mountains, where they travel shorter distances to overwinter along the Pacific Coast. It is often assumed that eastern and western monarchs form distinct evolutionary units, but genomic studies to support this notion are lacking. We used a tethered flight mill to show that migratory eastern monarchs have greater flight performance than western monarchs, consistent with their greater migratory distances. However, analysing more than 20 million SNPs in 43 monarch genomes, we found no evidence for genomic differentiation between eastern and western monarchs. Genomic analysis also showed identical and low levels of genetic diversity, and demographic analyses indicated similar effective population sizes and ongoing gene flow between eastern and western monarchs. Gene expression analysis of a subset of candidate genes during active flight revealed differential gene expression related to nonmuscular motor activity. Our results demonstrate that eastern and western monarchs maintain migratory differences despite ongoing gene flow, and suggest that migratory differences between eastern and western monarchs are not driven by select major-effects alleles. Instead, variation in migratory distance and destination may be driven by environmentally induced differential gene expression or by many alleles of small effect.

journal_name

Mol Ecol

journal_title

Molecular ecology

authors

Talla V,Pierce AA,Adams KL,de Man TJB,Nallu S,Villablanca FX,Kronforst MR,de Roode JC

doi

10.1111/mec.15508

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-07-01 00:00:00

pages

2567-2582

issue

14

eissn

0962-1083

issn

1365-294X

journal_volume

29

pub_type

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