Abstract:
OBJECTIVES:According to the 2007 National Research Council report Toxicology for the Twenty-First Century, modern methods (e.g., "omics," in vitro assays, high-throughput testing, computational methods) will lead to the emergence of a new approach to toxicology. The Salmonella mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay has been central to the field of genetic toxicology since the 1970s. Here we document the paradigm shifts engendered by the assay, the validation and applications of the assay, and how the assay is a model for future in vitro toxicology assays. DATA SOURCES:We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge using key words relevant to the Salmonella assay and additional genotoxicity assays. DATA EXTRACTION:We merged the citations, removing duplicates, and categorized the papers by year and topic. DATA SYNTHESIS:The Salmonella assay led to two paradigm shifts: that some carcinogens were mutagens and that some environmental samples (e.g., air, water, soil, food, combustion emissions) were mutagenic. Although there are > 10,000 publications on the Salmonella assay, covering tens of thousands of agents, data on even more agents probably exist in unpublished form, largely as proprietary studies by industry. The Salmonella assay is a model for the development of 21st century in vitro toxicology assays in terms of the establishment of standard procedures, ability to test various agents, transferability across laboratories, validation and testing, and structure-activity analysis. CONCLUSIONS:Similar to a stethoscope as a first-line, inexpensive tool in medicine, the Salmonella assay can serve a similar, indispensable role in the foreseeable future of 21st century toxicology.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Claxton LD,Umbuzeiro Gde A,DeMarini DMdoi
10.1289/ehp.1002336subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-11-01 00:00:00pages
1515-22issue
11eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
118pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Thirty compounds of various chemical classes were investigated for mutagenicity in a collaborative study (three laboratories) using Salmonella typhimurium TA102. With five compounds, hydrazine sulfate, phenylhydrazine, hydralazine, glutardialdehyde, and glyoxal, mutagenicity was detected by all laboratories. Formaldeh...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.101-1521147
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Research often suffers from overspecialization, a practice nurtured in academia and reinforced by funders. Indeed, investigators in household air pollution (HAP) and water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH), working in poor parts of the world, rarely interact despite having similar training and using similar met...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP4752
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously reported that rats are resilient to the hepatotoxic and lethal combination of chlordecone (CD) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) during early postnatal development. The overall findings pointed to stimulated cell division and tissue repair mechanisms as the underlying cause of resistance. The objectiv...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106597
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laboratory animal diets for studies to determine the endocrine-disrupting potential of chemicals are under scrutiny because they can affect both assay control values and assay sensitivity. Although phytoestrogen content is important, we have previously shown that a phytoestrogen-rich diet and a phytoestrogen-free diet...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7039
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure of rats to quartz (or various other particles) can lead to the development of lung tumors. At the moment, the mechanisms involved in particle-induced tumor formation are not clarified. However, it is suggested that inflammation, in conjunction with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an enhanc...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s51291
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of chrysotile on DNA synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat were studied by measuring the uptake of tritium-labeled thymidine; whole stomach, small intestine, colon liver were removed, cleaned, and homogenized and the DNA was isolated and assayed for tritium label.A dose-response study indicate...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.749319
更新日期:1974-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although previous studies have reported negative associations between exposure to air pollution and cognition, studies of the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposures in early childhood have been limited. OBJECTIVES:We sought to assess the role exposure to fine particulate matter ([Formula: see text]) du...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP3169
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previously, we showed that diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) suppressed pulmonary clearance of Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) and inhibited the phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages and their response to Listeria in the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-12. In this report we exa...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.5709
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) cause a mixed-type (phenobarbital- plus 3-methylcholanthrene-like) induction of liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes in rats. However, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl and 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptabromobiphenyl, which together comprise less than 80% of PBBs (FireMaster), were shown t...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7823159
更新日期:1978-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chlordane is a polychlorinated hydrocarbon that causes liver enlargement and induces mixed-function oxidases similar to those induced by phenobarbitone in the mouse. We have assessed the hepatocarcinogenicity (after 2 years) and the time course (over 6 months) of liver and thyroid cell proliferation in C57Bl/10J mice ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.93101s5219
更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Untreated wastewater from the Mexico City basin has been used for decades to irrigate cropland in the Mezquital Valley, State of Hidalgo, Mexico. Excess irrigation water recharges the near-surface aquifer that is used as a domestic water supply source. We assessed the groundwater quality of three key groundwater sourc...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.99107553
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The association of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) with breast cancer is controversial, but animal studies directly linking DDT to risk are lacking. Concerns with DDT reside in its environmental persistence, bioaccumulation in breast adipose tissue, and endocrine-disrupting actions. Whereas most attent...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1104327
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metallothionein from livers of mice was isolated by gel chromatography and isoelectric focusing. One of two forms thus obtained contained 32 percent cysteine. This form, labeled in vitro with 109Cd, was injected intravenously in mice, and the distribution of 109Cd was studied. Animals killed after 4 hrs had over 80 pe...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7512103
更新日期:1975-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inoculation of tumorigenic prostatic stroma and nontumorigenic prostatic epithelia into the subcutaneous space of syngeneic rats induced the development of carcinosarcoma. The induced tumors, which were composed of a mixture of adenocarcinoma and fibrosarcoma, were androgen responsive. This model offers a novel mechan...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.887723
更新日期:1988-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::For decades, a number of guinea pig tests have been used to identify human contact allergens in workplace and consumer products, but these tests have limitations. In addition to using large numbers of test animals, they also provide only subjective measurements, because the allergic activity is measured by watching th...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106a488
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In August 1997 we performed a follow-up survey of 146 lead-poisoned children from a community near a previously active auto battery recycling smelter in Haina near Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Our follow-up survey confirmed a severe incidence of elevated blood lead (BPb) and erythrocyte protoporphyrin/zinc proto...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.99107917
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The findings of studies investigating whether exposures to ionizing radiation before birth, either pre- or post-conception, increase the risk of childhood cancer have provoked much scientific controversy. An epidemiological association between the abdominal exposure of pregnant women to diagnostic X-rays and childhood...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.951031018
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The additives and contaminants which occur in textile fibers vary widely, depending on the type of fiber and the pretreatment which it has received. Synthetic fibers such as nylon and polyester contain trace amounts of contaminants such as catalysts and catalyst deactivators which remain after the synthesis of the bas...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.751141
更新日期:1975-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Air pollutants may induce airway inflammation and sensitization due to generation of reactive oxygen species. The genetic background to these mechanisms could be important effect modifiers. OBJECTIVE:Our goal was to assess interactions between exposure to air pollution and single nucleotide polymorphisms (S...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.11117
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article provides an overview of the problem of genetic susceptibility to childhood cancer with a particular emphasis on problems with ascertaining inherited cancer risk and the role of tumor-suppressor gene mutations in cancer predispositions. The association between neurofibromatosis type 1 and childhood leukemi...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106801
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate are sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) inhibitors that block iodide uptake into the thyroid, thus affecting thyroid function. Thyroid dysfunction can adversely affect somatic growth and development in children. To our knowledge, no studies have examined effects of NIS inhibit...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1409309
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::To assess quantitatively the association between benzene and leukemia, we evaluated the rate of mortality experienced by a cohort occupationally exposed to benzene. Using data from historical air sampling surveys, we estimated the daily benzene exposure for each member of the cohort. The expected number of leukemia de...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8982189
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been shown to alter gene expression patterns and elevate micronuclei (MN) frequency, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key gene regulators that may be influenced by PAH exposures and mediate their effects on MN fr...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1307080
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The best evidence of an adverse human health effect is a properly conducted epidemiological study. But human beings should not be the sole test animal. Properly conducted animal studies have been shown to be preductive for carcinogenicity and toxicologic responses in human populations. We need to develop more efficien...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7932297
更新日期:1979-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Much public health research has been directed to studies of cancer risks due to chemical agents. Recently, increasing attention has been given to adverse reproductive outcomes as another, shorter-term biologic indicator of public health impact. Further, several low-level ubiquitous physical agents have been implicated...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.8981193
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Methylmercury (MeHg) exposure has been linked to an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an enzyme located in the high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) fraction of blood lipids, may protect against CHD by metabolizing toxic oxidized lipids associated with low-density liproprotein an...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1003296
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants found in North American household products during the past four decades. These chemicals leach out in dust as products age, exposing individuals daily through inhalation and ingestion. Animal studies suggest that PBDEs disrupt sex hormones and adver...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP522
更新日期:2017-05-26 00:00:00
abstract::Most of the composites and sealants used in dentistry are based on bisphenol A diglycidylether methacrylate (Bis-GMA). Reports revealed that in situ polymerization is not complete and that free monomers can be detected by different analytic methods. Concerns about the estrogenicity of bisphenol A (BPA) and other aroma...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0010821
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The lymphocyte micronucleus assay was used to measure the average frequency of micronuclei in a population and thus assess genotoxic effects. Data from 174 persons give an average value of 16.4 +/- 7.3, and a slight age-dependence was observed. To detect combined environmental mutagen injuries the micronucleus assay w...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.101-1521140
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper will briefly outline those elements which must be considered in assessing the effects of any given compound which might impinge on the actions of adrenocortical steroids. Considerations that ought to be taken into account include the following: the delivery to the affected cells of corticosteroids, the upta...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.813899
更新日期:1981-04-01 00:00:00