Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Can Improve Linezolid Dosing Regimens in Current Clinical Practice: A Review of Linezolid Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.

Abstract:

:Linezolid is an antibiotic used to treat infections caused by drug-resistant gram-positive organisms, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The adverse effects of linezolid can include thrombocytopenia and neuropathy, which are more prevalent with higher exposures and longer treatment durations. Although linezolid is traditionally administered at a standard 600 mg dose every 12 hours, the resulting exposure can vary greatly between patients and can lead to treatment failure or toxicity. The efficacy and toxicity of linezolid are determined by the exposure achieved in the patient; numerous clinical and population pharmacokinetics (popPK) studies have identified threshold measurements for both parameters. Several special populations with an increased need for linezolid dose adjustments have also been identified. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical strategy that assesses the response of an individual patient and helps adjust the dosing regimen to maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Adaptive feedback control and model-informed precision dosing are additional strategies that use Bayesian algorithms and PK models to predict patient-specific drug exposure. TDM is a very useful tool for patient populations with sparse clinical data or known alterations in pharmacokinetics, including children, patients with renal insufficiency or those receiving renal replacement therapy, and patients taking co-medications known to interact with linezolid. As part of the clinical workflow, clinicians can use TDM with the thresholds summarized from the current literature to improve linezolid dosing for patients and maximize the probability of treatment success.

journal_name

Ther Drug Monit

authors

Rao GG,Konicki R,Cattaneo D,Alffenaar JW,Marriott DJE,Neely M,IATDMCT Antimicrobial Scientific Committee.

doi

10.1097/FTD.0000000000000710

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-02-01 00:00:00

pages

83-92

issue

1

eissn

0163-4356

issn

1536-3694

pii

00007691-202002000-00009

journal_volume

42

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil after short systemic infusion: plasma level at the end of the distribution phase as an indicator of the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve.

    abstract::The correlation between single plasma concentration (CP) values of 5-fluorouracil (FU) after a 10-minute i.v. infusion and the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) has been studied in 26 cancer patients. FU dose was either 320-550 mg/m2 (seven patients, 13 treatments) or 610-960 mg/m2 (19 patient...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Port RE,Edler L,Herrmann R,Feldmann U

    更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00

  • Desmethylimipramine overdose: nonlinear kinetics in a slow hydroxylator.

    abstract::A case of desmethylimipramine (DMI) overdose is described. The analysis of DMI and its main metabolite, 2-hydroxydesmethylimipramine (2-OH-DMI), in plasma was performed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Characterization of the elimination kinetics of DMI by using the SAAM 25 comput...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Spina E,Henthorn TK,Eleborg L,Nordin C,Säwe J

    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00

  • External evaluation of population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia: the transferability of published models to different hospitalized patients.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:The objective of the present study was to perform an external evaluation of published linezolid population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models, in order to evaluate the predictive performance using an independent dataset. Another aim was to offer an elegant environment for display and simulation of bo...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/FTD.0000000000000816

    authors: Ogami C,Tsuji Y,Nishi Y,Kawasuji H,To H,Yamamoto Y

    更新日期:2020-09-28 00:00:00

  • Enantioselective hydroxylation of nortriptyline in human liver microsomes, intestinal homogenate, and patients treated with nortriptyline.

    abstract::The enantioselectivity of hydroxylation of nortriptyline (NT) to E-10-hydroxynortriptyline (E-10-OH-NT) was studied in human liver microsomes, intestinal homogenate, and patients treated with NT. The rate of formation of (-)-E-10-OH-NT was higher than that of (+)-E-10-OH-NT both in the liver microsomes and in the inte...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-199105000-00001

    authors: Dahl ML,Nordin C,Bertilsson L

    更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00

  • A rational basis for the measurement of free phenytoin concentration in critically ill trauma patients.

    abstract::Phenytoin binding to serum proteins and factors influencing protein binding were investigated in 38 critically ill trauma patients. In 24% of these patients, the free fraction of phenytoin was < or = 10%, whereas in 76%, the free phenytoin fraction was increased > 10%--up to 24%. Nonantiepileptic comedication, sex, or...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-199404000-00005

    authors: Zielmann S,Mielck F,Kahl R,Kazmaier S,Sydow M,Kolk J,Burchardi H

    更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00

  • Evaluation of the AxSYM monoclonal cyclosporin assay and comparison with radioimmunoassay.

    abstract::Recently, a semiautomated fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for determination of parent cyclosporin (CsA) has been developed for the Abbott AxSYM system. The new CsA assay measures the drug from an extracted whole blood specimen. The authors report here the evaluation of this new assay and the comparison wi...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-200008000-00018

    authors: Sabaté I,Ginard M,González JM,Baró E,Acebes G,Cuadros J,Lirón FJ

    更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00

  • Therapeutic monitoring of rapamycin: a new immunosuppressive drug.

    abstract::Rapamycin (RAPA) is a new immunosuppressive drug with a potency similar to that of FK506 and up to a 100-fold greater than that of cyclosporine (CsA). RAPA has shown to be efficacious in the prolongation of allograft survival in a number of animal models. In early studies, RAPA was administered on a dose/weight basis,...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/00007691-199312000-00004

    authors: Yatscoff RW,LeGatt DF,Kneteman NM

    更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00

  • Liquid chromatographic determination of piroxicam in serum.

    abstract::A sensitive method for monitoring serum piroxicam (Feldene) is described. The assay requires 1.0 ml of specimen and involves chloroform extraction from an acidified mixture followed by concentration and injection into a liquid chromatograph. Column effluent is monitored at 330 nm. Retention times of piroxicam and the ...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-198306000-00017

    authors: Fraser AD,Woodbury JF

    更新日期:1983-06-01 00:00:00

  • Ability of a first-pass pharmacokinetic model to characterize cyclosporine blood concentrations after administrations of Sandimmune or Neoral formulations.

    abstract::Most recent cyclosporine (CsA) pharmacokinetic (PK) studies have focused on noncompartmental analysis. Because CsA undergoes significant first-pass elimination after oral dosing, the most appropriate compartment model may need to take this process into account for the construction of a valid population PK model for Sa...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-199804000-00006

    authors: Ducharme MP,Verret L,Brouillette D,Sirois G

    更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00

  • Status epilepticus associated with the combination of valproic acid and clomipramine.

    abstract::An epileptic patient well controlled on valproic acid (VPA) developed a prolonged episode of status epilepticus 12 days after initiation of 75 mg of clomipramine (CMI) to treat depression. Serum level of VPA in the emergency room was unchanged from her previous levels; serum level of CMI was very elevated despite the ...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-199702000-00012

    authors: DeToledo JC,Haddad H,Ramsay RE

    更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00

  • Determination of linezolid in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

    abstract::A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of linezolid in human plasma was developed and validated. After precipitation of plasma proteins with perchloric acid, the protein-free supernatant was separated by isocratic reverse-phase chromatography on a X Bridge C18 column. The mobile phase c...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181d5eeee

    authors: Cattaneo D,Baldelli S,Conti F,Cozzi V,Clementi E

    更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00

  • Pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential of risperidone with cytochrome p450 isozymes as assessed by the dextromethorphan, the caffeine, and the mephenytoin test.

    abstract::Two published case reports showed that addition of risperidone (1 and 2 mg/d) to a clozapine treatment resulted in a strong increase of clozapine plasma levels. As clozapine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 isozymes, a study was initiated to assess the in vivo interaction potential of risperidone on various cytochrom...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-200106000-00008

    authors: Eap CB,Bondolfi G,Zullino D,Bryois C,Fuciec M,Savary L,Jonzier-Perey M,Baumann P

    更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00

  • Metabolism and toxicologic analysis of tryptamine-derived drugs of abuse.

    abstract::5-Methoxy-N,N-dialkyltryptamines are tryptamine derivatives that possess strong hallucinogenic effects. Because of their escalating popularity and potent physiological effects, an increasing number of acute poisoning cases have been reported in various countries. For their metabolism in humans, only a few studies have...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181dcb40c

    authors: Katagi M,Kamata T,Zaitsu K,Shima N,Kamata H,Nakanishi K,Nishioka H,Miki A,Tsuchihashi H

    更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00

  • Use of alternative specimens: drugs of abuse in saliva and doping agents in hair.

    abstract::It is generally accepted that chemical testing of biologic fluids is the most objective means of diagnosis of drug use. The presence of a drug analyte in a biologic specimen can be used to document exposure. The standard for drug testing in toxicology is an immunoassay screen conducted on a urine sample, followed by c...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/00007691-200204000-00006

    authors: Kintz P,Samyn N

    更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00

  • Development and evaluation of a nanoparticle-based immunoassay for determining paclitaxel concentrations on routine clinical analyzers.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Paclitaxel (PTX; Taxol, Abraxane) is used in many regimens for breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and ovarian cancer. Multiple studies have demonstrated that PTX exhibits a greater than 10-fold interpatient variability of clearance rates when patients are dosed according to body surface area ...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e318296be01

    authors: Cline DJ,Zhang H,Lundell GD,Harney RL,Riaz HK,Jarrah J,Li Y,Miyazaki M,Courtney JB,Baburina I,Salamone SJ

    更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00

  • Hair analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters in the detection of excessive drinking in the context of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

    abstract::A serious challenge in diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the need to document alcohol use during pregnancy. Maternal/paternal alcohol abuse affects the likelihood of fetal alcohol exposure, and hence the occurrence of FASD. The objective of the current study was to document the use of the fatty acid...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e31819c33b8

    authors: Kulaga V,Pragst F,Fulga N,Koren G

    更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00

  • Impact of Laboratory Practices on Interlaboratory Variability in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressive Drugs.

    abstract::The immunosuppressants cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, and probably also mycophenolic acid require therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)-guided dosing to ensure that blood concentrations are kept within the target range in transplant patients. Reliable, accurate, and precise test methods are therefore ess...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/FTD.0000000000000205

    authors: Christians U,Vinks AA,Langman LJ,Clarke W,Wallemacq P,van Gelder T,Renjen V,Marquet P,Meyer EJ

    更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00

  • Overview of FTY720 clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacology.

    abstract::Drug discovery programs are actively exploring for therapeutic agents targeting enzymes and receptors regulating sphingolipid metabolism and biologic functions. FTY720 is a close structural analogue of sphingosine with immunomodulatory properties. After oral administration, FTY720 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kina...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/00007691-200412000-00001

    authors: Kovarik JM,Schmouder RL,Slade AJ

    更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00

  • Current developments in drug testing in oral fluid.

    abstract::In the last few years, significant developments have occurred on the key issues involved in oral fluid drug testing. New pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted, optimal cutoffs have been proposed, and new studies have examined the correlation between oral fluid drug concentrations and impairment. Recent studies (...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e318167d563

    authors: Pil K,Verstraete A

    更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00

  • Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drug Therapy.

    abstract::Epilepsy is characterized by seizures recurring at interindividually differing time intervals. It may be difficult to assess drug response if time intervals between seizures are long. Thus, the existence of surrogate parameters that could be used to reliably identify drug efficacy and tolerability at an early stage an...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/FTD.0000000000000623

    authors: Brandt C

    更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00

  • Oral aripiprazole-induced severe hypoglycemia.

    abstract::This case report highlights a very rare adverse drug reaction caused by oral aripiprazole resulting in severe hypoglycemia. A 72-year-old-male patient suffering from Parkinson disease on prolonged carbidopa plus levodopa combination therapy (carbidopa 25 mg plus levodopa 100 mg, thrice daily) for 1.3 years was recentl...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e3182557d10

    authors: Mondal S,Saha I,Das S,Ganguly A,Ghosh A,Kumar Das A

    更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00

  • A simple method for quantifying fentanyl, sufentanil, or morphine in discard syringes from anesthesia procedures.

    abstract::Fentanyl, sufentanil, and morphine are commonly used in the conduct of anesthesia. Medical staff working with these drugs are at high risk of addiction. To detect and prevent diversion, a method was developed to quantify these drugs in discard syringes using the BioRad REMEDi HS Drug Profiling System. For fentanyl, th...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-200210000-00014

    authors: Holth LS,Friesen R,Green C,Krahn J

    更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00

  • Development of a radioimmunoassay procedure for sulforidazine and its comparison with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method.

    abstract::A radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure for the determination of sulforidazine in human plasma was developed using an antiserum raised in rabbits immunized with N-(2-carboxyethyl)desmethylsulforidazine-porcine thyroglobulin conjugate. The RIA procedure can measure as low as 40 pg of sulforidazine in a 200-microliter human ...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-198802000-00016

    authors: Chakraborty BS,Hawes EM,Midha KK

    更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00

  • Valproate monotherapy in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: dose-related effects on electroencephalographic and other neurophysiologic tests.

    abstract::A neurophysiologic test battery (consisting of a 24-hour, seven-channel electroencephalogram [EEG], EEG spectral analysis, multiple sleep latency test, visual evoked potentials, critical flicker fusion, and visual contrast sensitivity) was administered twice to 16 patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) in a d...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1097/00007691-199902000-00014

    authors: Sundqvist A,Nilsson BY,Tomson T

    更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00

  • Factors associated with long-term renal allograft survival.

    abstract::Major advances in immunosuppression and reductions in the rates of acute rejection have led to increasing graft and patient survival rates during the past two decades. Chronic dysfunction of the renal allograft, however, remains a major clinical problem and probably represents the end result of the complex interplay b...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1097/00007691-200202000-00007

    authors: Kaplan B,Srinivas TR,Meier-Kriesche HU

    更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00

  • Evaluation of pharmacokinetic methods used to estimate caffeine clearance and comparison with a Bayesian forecasting method.

    abstract::Simplified pharmacokinetic methods have been used to estimate caffeine clearance in subjects with liver disease. There is a need to have a reliable, easy to implement method for research and possible clinical use. This study evaluates the use of Bayesian pharmacokinetic forecasting techniques to estimate caffeine clea...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-199802000-00015

    authors: Denaro CP,Jacob P 3rd,Benowitz NL

    更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00

  • Saliva versus blood sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring in children: patient and parental preferences and an economic analysis.

    abstract::The objective of this study was to conduct an assessment of patient and parental preferences and an economic analysis of hospital costs in sampling blood and saliva for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Costs and preferences were evaluated in the course of a study, which compared anticonvulsant concentrations in bloo...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-199410000-00001

    authors: Gorodischer R,Burtin P,Hwang P,Levine M,Koren G

    更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00

  • In vitro stability of cocaine in whole blood and plasma including ecgonine as a target analyte.

    abstract::The in vitro stability of cocaine (COC) was monitored in fresh whole blood and plasma stabilized with potassium fluoride (0.25%) for as long as 15 days. The samples were stored at 4 degreesC, 20 degreesC and 40 degreesC. Additionally, fresh plasma samples containing either benzoylecgonine (BZE), ecgonine methyl ester ...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-200104000-00014

    authors: Skopp G,Klingmann A,Pötsch L,Mattern R

    更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00

  • Opioid receptor A118G polymorphism does not affect the consumption of sufentanil and ropivacaine by patient-controlled epidural analgesia after cesarean section.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous reports have suggested that polymorphism of the opioid receptor A118G affects the efficacy of opioid analgesia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether such polymorphism contributed to variability in epidural mixture (sufentanil plus ropivacaine) requirements through patient-controlled epid...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/FTD.0000000000000112

    authors: Xu GH,Gao M,Sheng QY,Liu XS,Gu EW

    更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00

  • Serial free and plasma valproic acid and phenytoin monitoring and drug interactions.

    abstract::In 12 institutionalized epilepsy patients who had been treated 19 months (SD +/- 5) with valproic acid, 27.0 mg/kg (SD +/- 11.9), phenytoin, 6.33 mg/kg (SD +/- 1.36), and co-anticonvulsants, the mean percentage of daily free valproic acid was 11.72 (SD +/- 2.10) and of phenytoin 20.39 (SD +/- 3.32). By serial within-d...

    journal_title:Therapeutic drug monitoring

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1097/00007691-198103000-00013

    authors: Haidukewych D,Rodin EA

    更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00