Anaesthetic and other treatments of shell shock: World War I and beyond.

Abstract:

:Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an important health risk factor for military personnel deployed in modern warfare. In World War I this condition (then known as shell shock or 'neurasthenia') was such a problem that 'forward psychiatry' was begun by French doctors in 1915. Some British doctors tried general anaesthesia as a treatment (ether and chloroform), while others preferred application of electricity. Four British 'forward psychiatric units' were set up in 1917. Hospitals for shell shocked soldiers were also established in Britain, including (for officers) Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh; patients diagnosed to have more serious psychiatric conditions were transferred to the Royal Edinburgh Asylum. Towards the end of 1918 anaesthetic and electrical treatments of shell shock were gradually displaced by modified Freudian methods psychodynamic intervention. The efficacy of 'forward psychiatry' was controversial. In 1922 the War Office produced a report on shell shock with recommendations for prevention of war neurosis. However, when World War II broke out in 1939, this seemed to have been ignored. The term 'combat fatigue' was introduced as breakdown rates became alarming, and then the value of pre-selection was recognised. At the Maudsley Hospital in London in 1940 barbiturate abreaction was advocated for quick relief from severe anxiety and hysteria, using i.v. anaesthetics: Somnifaine, paraldehyde, Sodium Amytal. 'Pentothal narcosis' and 'narco-analysis' were adopted by British and American military psychiatrists. However, by 1945 medical thinking gradually settled on the same approaches that had seemed to be effective in 1918. The term PTSD was introduced in 1980. In the UK the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for management (2005) recommend trauma-focussed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and consideration of antidepressants.

journal_name

J R Army Med Corps

authors

McKenzie AG

doi

10.1136/jramc-158-01-07

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2012-03-01 00:00:00

pages

29-33

issue

1

eissn

0035-8665

issn

2052-0468

journal_volume

158

pub_type

历史文章,杂志文章
  • Is the British Army medical grading functional assessment tool effective?

    abstract::Decision Support Aids (DSAs) have been widely used throughout industry and one (known as Table 7) is available to support British Army Medical Officers (MOs) grade soldiers against the Joint Medical Employment Standards. It is unknown how useful this DSA is in practice. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to B...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2015-000553

    authors: Mackie I

    更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00

  • Acute tibial compartment syndrome secondary to psychosomatic disorder.

    abstract::A case of a 28 years old Caucasian woman is presented with acute tibial compartment of her left leg secondary to repeated self inflicted soft tissue injuries, together with literature review on Dermatitis Artefacta. ...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1136/jramc-140-02-11

    authors: Eskander MB,MacDonald R

    更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00

  • Spinal injuries.

    abstract::The pre-hospital care of patients with suspected spinal injuries involves early immobilisation of the whole spine and the institution of measures to prevent secondary injury from hypoxia, hypoperfusion or further mechanical disruption. Early ventilation and differentiation of haemorrhagic from neurogenic shock are the...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1136/jramc-148-02-11

    authors: Mackenzie R

    更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00

  • Night vision goggles, human factors aspects--a questionnaire survey of helicopter aircrew.

    abstract::Night vision goggles have become an essential component of military aviation. They provide superior visual capability over unaided night vision, but there are several inherent limitations associated with human factors and systems limitations. This study used a questionnaire survey of Army helicopter aircrew to investi...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-146-01-05

    authors: Manton AG

    更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00

  • Operation GRITROCK: the Defence Medical Services' story and emerging lessons from supporting the UK response to the Ebola crisis.

    abstract::This paper is a record of the UK Defence Medical Services (DMS) contribution to the UK response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa from the start of planning in July 2014 to the closure of the Ministry of Defence Ebola Virus Disease Treatment Unit at the end of June 2015. The context and wider UK government decisions ...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2015-000512

    authors: Bricknell M,Hodgetts T,Beaton K,McCourt A

    更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00

  • An unusual case of sinusitis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is the commonest form of severe antibody deficiency. It is characterized by reduced levels of IgG (<400 mg/dL) and low IgA and/or IgM levels, recurrent bacterial infections, impaired antibody responses despite the presence of B Cells and normal or near normal T immunit...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-154-01-15

    authors: Lamb L,Richards P,Edgar JD

    更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00

  • Biophysics of impact injury to the chest and abdomen.

    abstract::The physical mechanism of blunt impact injuries to thoracic and abdominal viscera is often conveniently described simply in terms of "crush"--this is an over-simplification. Any impact to the torso does result in the rapid displacement of the body wall which may lacerate and contuse underlying viscera, but this simple...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-135-02-04

    authors: Cooper GJ,Taylor DE

    更新日期:1989-06-01 00:00:00

  • The development and introduction of ballistic protection of the external genitalia and perineum.

    abstract::In response to an Urgent Operational Requirement, the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) investigated, designed, developed, trialled and subsequently fielded a Tiered Pelvic Protection System to service personnel deployed on Operation HERRICK in Afghanistan. An Urgent Statement of User Requirement (USUR) was drafted in orde...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2013-000026

    authors: Lewis EA,Pigott MA,Randall A,Hepper AE

    更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00

  • Freedom from frozen: the first British military use of lyophilised plasma in forward resuscitation.

    abstract::Prehospital use of blood products may improve survival. However, transfusion support with frozen blood components is logistically burdensome and constrains the configuration of prehospital medical support. Alternatives to frozen plasma, including lyophilised plasma, offer the potential for advanced resuscitation in th...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2014-000361

    authors: Gokhale SG,Scorer T,Doughty H

    更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00

  • Creating a 'Father Confessor': the origins of research ethics committees in UK military medical research, 1950-1970. Part II, origins and organisation.

    abstract::Using a major ethics crisis as a methodological approach to study secret science environments, part II examines the origins and organisation of the Applied Biology Committee (ABC), the first independent research ethics committee (REC) at Porton Down, Britain's biological and chemical warfare establishment since the Fi...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2019-001207

    authors: Schmidt U

    更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00

  • Riot control agents: the tear gases CN, CS and OC-a medical review.

    abstract:INTRODUCTION:2-Chloroacetophenone (CN), o-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (CS) and oleoresin capsicum (OC) are common riot control agents. While serious systemic effects are uncommon, exposure to high concentrations may lead to severe complications and even death. The aim of this narrative review is to summarise all main...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2013-000165

    authors: Schep LJ,Slaughter RJ,McBride DI

    更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00

  • Defence Clinical Psychology Service: an overview of clinical psychology in the UK Ministry of Defence.

    abstract::The Defence Clinical Psychology Service (DCPS) is the professional clinical psychology service and community of clinical psychology practice within UK Ministry of Defence (MoD). The DCPS provides professional clinical care, consultation and research in support of the UK Armed Forces. Regulated by the Health and Care P...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001044

    authors: Norris R,McCauley M

    更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00

  • An unusual case of an immersion hand presentation in a military signaller operating in the jungle in Belize.

    abstract::Belize, hosting one of the British Army's overseas training areas, provides access to challenging terrain and austere environments, which allows the delivery of training to soldiers on survival and combat within the jungle environment. A 26-year-old infanteer on exercise in Belize presented with progressive bilateral ...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2017-000811

    authors: Forbes KE,Foster P

    更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00

  • The effect of naloxone on pentazocine induced hallucinations.

    abstract::A case of pentazocine induced hallucinations which responded to treatment with Naloxone is reported. ...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-130-01-10

    authors: Jago RH,Restall J,Stonham J

    更新日期:1984-02-01 00:00:00

  • Trauma related symptoms in British soldiers 36 months following a tour in the former Yugoslavia.

    abstract::This paper measures the prevalence of psychological symptoms in two British Infantry battalions, 36 months after being involved in peace keeping operations in the former Yugoslavia during November 1992-April 1993. Those deployed had a high level of post traumatic stress disorder (16%) compared to (9%) in the control g...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-145-01-03

    authors: Baggaley MR,Piper ME,Cumming P,Murphy G

    更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00

  • Probable late congenital syphilis presenting as Clutton joints.

    abstract::A patient who presented with recurrent bilateral knee effusions was found to have positive serum syphilis serology. She was treated with oral erythromycin to a total of 40 grams and intra-articular injection of steroids in the right knee joint. Late congenital syphilitic arthritis is discussed with a review of the lit...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-135-02-11

    authors: Kabuubi JB

    更新日期:1989-06-01 00:00:00

  • A case of a chlorine inhalation injury in an Ebola treatment unit.

    abstract::We present a 26-year-old male British military nurse, deployed to Sierra Leone to treat patients with Ebola virus disease at the military-run Kerry Town Ebola Treatment Unit. Following exposure to chlorine gas during routine maintenance procedures, the patient had an episode of respiratory distress and briefly lost co...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2015-000501

    authors: Carpenter A,Cox AT,Marion D,Phillips A,Ewington I

    更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00

  • The prevalence of causative organisms of community-acquired urethritis in an age group at high risk for sexually transmitted infections in Korean Soldiers.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study was designed to evaluate the causative organisms in young male soldiers with clinical signs and symptoms after sexual contact that suggests a diagnosis of urethritis. METHODS:Between June 2012 and January 2015, male patients with urethritis symptoms that had resulted from sexual contact within 3 ...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2015-000488

    authors: Kim HJ,Park JK,Park SC,Kim YG,Choi H,Ko JI,Kim MK,Jeong YB,Shin YS

    更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00

  • Ethical rationales for past and present military medical practices.

    abstract::This paper reviews changes in the ethical challenges that have arisen in military medicine over the past four decades. This includes the degree, if any, to which providers during the Vietnam conflict have carried out what we now refer to as harsh interrogation measures in an attempt to extract information from capture...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001036

    authors: Howe E

    更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00

  • The outcome of patients in traumatic cardiac arrest presenting to deployed military medical treatment facilities: data from the UK Joint Theatre Trauma Registry.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The UK military was continuously engaged in armed conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan between 2003 and 2014, resulting in 629 UK fatalities. Traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) is a precursor to traumatic death, but data on military outcomes are limited. In order to better inform military treatment protocols, the ai...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2017-000818

    authors: Barnard EBG,Hunt PAF,Lewis PEH,Smith JE

    更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00

  • REBOA at Role 2 Afloat: resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta as a bridge to damage control surgery in the military maritime setting.

    abstract::Role 2 Afloat provides a damage control resuscitation and surgery facility in support of maritime, littoral and aviation operations. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) offers a rapid, effective solution to exsanguinating haemorrhage from pelvic and non-compressible torso haemorrhage. It ...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2017-000874

    authors: Rees P,Waller B,Buckley AM,Doran C,Bland S,Scott T,Matthews J

    更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00

  • A 2-year review of the general internal medicine admissions to the British Role 3 Hospital in Camp Bastion, Afghanistan.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Detailed knowledge of the likely volume and nature of the diseases presenting to deployed secondary care facilities aids operational planning. Now the British operation in Afghanistan has ended and a record of the experience is useful to preserve the lessons learned. METHODS:Over a 2-year period from April ...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2014-000385

    authors: Cox AT,Lentaigne J,White S,Burns DS,Parsons I,O'Shea M,Stacey M,Sharma S,Wilson D

    更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00

  • Randomised controlled trial comparing marksmanship following application of a tourniquet or haemostatic clamp in healthy volunteers.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:In a care under fire situation, a first line response to haemorrhage is to apply a tourniquet and return fire. However, there is little understanding of how tourniquets and other haemorrhage control devices impact marksmanship. METHODS:We compared the impact of the iTClamp and the Combat Application Tourniq...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2016-000664

    authors: LaPorta A,Kirkpatrick AW,Mckee JL,Roberts DJ,Tien H,Beckett A,Ball CG,Mckee I,Louw D,Holcomb JB

    更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00

  • Phytophotodermatitis after gardening.

    abstract::Phytophotodermatitis, otherwise known as 'Strimmer's Rash' is an unusual cause of a widespread rash. We present a case of phytophotodermatitis, which was initially misdiagnosed as chickenpox; the correct diagnosis was made after further careful history taking and illustrates the importance of taking a thorough history...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-154-04-08

    authors: Wild G

    更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00

  • Operation Nightingale: the role of BMH Dharan following the 1988. Nepal earthquake, and some observations on Third World earthquake disaster relief missions.

    abstract::Following a large earthquake in Nepal, the experience of a small hospital in dealing with the resulting mass casualties is described. The value of pre-planning and effective triage of the injured is stressed, and aspects of surgical and medical care specific to earthquake victims discussed. Clinical and administrative...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-136-01-02

    authors: Guy PJ,Ineson N,Bailie R,Grimwood A

    更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00

  • Informal caregiving and intimate relationships: the experiences of spouses of UK military personnel.

    abstract:AIM:Currently, there is no research available on the experiences of spouses providing informal care to wounded, injured or sick (WIS) UK military personnel. The aim of this study was to fill this gap by investigating the relationship experiences of non-military partners caring for WIS UK military personnel. METHODS:Sp...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-2016-000679

    authors: Thandi G,Oram S,Verey A,Greenberg N,Fear NT

    更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00

  • Scoring systems and their possible use in a military ICU setting.

    abstract::Scoring systems for both trauma and intensive care patients have been widely used since the 1960's. This article will introduce several scoring systems currently in use and discuss their potential use for military ICU patients. ...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1136/jramc-155-02-10

    authors: Nutbeam T,O'Meara M,Henning J

    更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00

  • Blast mines: physics, injury mechanisms and vehicle protection.

    abstract::Since World War II, more vehicles have been lost to land mines than all other threats combined. Anti-vehicular (AV) mines are capable of disabling a heavy vehicle, or completely destroying a lighter vehicle. The most common form of AV mine is the blast mine, which uses a large amount of explosive to directly damage th...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1136/jramc-155-04-06

    authors: Ramasamy A,Hill AM,Hepper AE,Bull AM,Clasper JC

    更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00

  • Unfit for further service: trends in medical discharge from the British Army 1861-1998.

    abstract::Military service requires individuals who are free from ill-health and who are physically and mentally robust, and throughout history those who have become unfit for service have been discharged on medical grounds. This paper uses published historical records to examine trends in the rate of discharge for six key cond...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-146-03-10

    authors: Bergman BP,Miller SA

    更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00

  • Management of intestinal injury in deployed UK hospitals.

    abstract:INTRODUCTION:Definitive laparotomy (DL), with completion of all surgical tasks at first laparotomy has traditionally been the basis of surgical care of severe abdominal trauma. Damage control surgery (DCS) with a goal of physiological normalisation achieved with termination of operation before completion of anatomical ...

    journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/jramc-157-04-04

    authors: Fries CA,Penn-Barwell J,Tai NR,Hodgetts TJ,Midwinter MJ,Bowley DM

    更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00