Abstract:
:Most reported associations in observational clinical research are false, and the minority of associations that are true are often exaggerated. This credibility problem has many causes, including the failure of authors, reviewers, and editors to recognize the inherent limitations of these studies. This issue is especially problematic for weak associations, variably defined as relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) less than 4. Such associations, commonly reported in the medical literature, are more likely to be attributable to bias than to causal association. All observational research has bias (which can include selection, information, and confounding bias). Hence, detection of small associations falls below the discriminatory ability of observational studies. In general, unless RRs in cohort studies exceed 2 to 3 or ORs in case-control studies exceed 3 or 4, associations in observational research findings should not be considered credible. However, these guidelines are not foolproof: strong (yet spurious) associations can result when large amounts of bias are present. Only in a properly performed randomized controlled trial, free of bias, should small associations merit attention. Better training and more circumspection on the part of investigators, tougher editorial standards on the part of journals, and hefty skepticism on the part of referees and readers are necessary to avoid the dangers of false alarms, pseudo-epidemics, and their unfortunate consequences.
journal_name
Obstet Gynecoljournal_title
Obstetrics and gynecologyauthors
Grimes DA,Schulz KFdoi
10.1097/AOG.0b013e31826af61asubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-10-01 00:00:00pages
920-7issue
4eissn
0029-7844issn
1873-233Xpii
00006250-201210000-00025journal_volume
120pub_type
杂志文章abstract::In order to ascertain the usefulness of urinary 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) in the evaluation of hirsutism, 28 paired determinations of 17-KS and serum androgens were performed in 26 hirsute women before (control) and after (post Dex) 7 days of dexamethasone (Dex) administration. Upper normal control and post Dex urinary ...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1977-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate differences between fasting and nonfasting bile acid levels in asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women. METHODS:This is a report of two prospective cohort studies describing bile acid levels in the fasting and nonfasting state in pregnancy. The first cohort included asymptomatic women with si...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004160
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biophysical profile scoring was the principal technique of antepartum fetal surveillance in 238 well-controlled diabetic pregnancies. Fifty insulin-dependent diabetics had twice-weekly testing, and 188 gestational diabetics had weekly testing. Intervention was not pursued unless there were maternal or fetal complicati...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006250-198812000-00005
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To test the hypothesis that preeclamptic women are more readily inducible than are nonpreeclamptic women, regardless of cervical condition. METHODS:One hundred eighty-three preeclamptic women and 461 nonpreeclamptic women requiring labor induction were studied prospectively. Patients were categorized by Bish...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00043-4
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Piperacillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin, has broad spectrum activity against most clinically important aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In the present study, piperacillin was compared with a combination of clindamycin and gentamicin for the treatment of 83 women with pelvic infection (42 with endometritis, 29 with...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1984-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the contraceptive effectivenesses of a polyurethane condom and a standard latex condom. Secondary outcomes of interest were safety, functionality, discontinuation, and acceptability. METHODS:We randomized 901 couples to use either the polyurethane condom or a standard latex condom as their only fo...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02732-1
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parturients with heavy vaginal colonization of group B streptococci were selected randomly to receive either penicillin or no antibiotic. A simple and fast latex agglutination test, applied in 8977 consecutive parturients, detected 412 women with heavy colonization with group B streptococcus, 199 of whom were eligible...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1989-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Rates of administration of intravenous sodium fluorescein during cystoscopy have increased since indigotindisulfonate sodium was removed from the market in 2014. Although sodium fluorescein has been extensively evaluated and found to be safe, side effects including anaphylaxis have been observed, with an inc...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002519
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate which second-trimester ultrasound markers for aneuploidy are the most diagnostically efficient in detecting fetal trisomy 21. METHODS:All second-trimester genetic sonograms performed since November 1, 1992 for women at increased risk for fetal trisomy 21 were analyzed retrospectively. Statisti...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00152-x
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Five hundred and fifty six women with invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma were assessed for postoperative treatment between 1966 and 1976. The records of this group were reviewed retrospectively. Sixteen characteristics of the patient and tumor were analyzed for prognostic significance by univariate and multivariate...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effectiveness of intrauterine local anesthesia in reducing pain associated with outpatient gynecologic procedures. DATA SOURCES:We searched online databases PubMed or MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov and hand-searched reference lists from reviews evaluating pain-control m...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182639ab5
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:All national organizations now recommend that women be screened for cervical cancer beginning at age 21 years, regardless of age of sexual initiation; however, studies have shown that providers continue to screen much earlier than recommended. Two federal cancer surveillance systems were used to quantify the ...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e31826e4609
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) according to The International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria and the pregnancy complications in women fulfilling these criteria but who are not considered diabetic according to the Canadian Diabetes Ass...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31826994ec
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Among 59 laparoscopically staged endometriosis patients, 28.8% tested positive for antinuclear antibody. Of 44 patients, 45.5% were lupus anticoagulant positive (greater than 1.3) and 20.5% were within a borderline range (1.2-1.3). Antinuclear antibody positivity was inversely related to stage of disease (P = .009); l...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::To examine the accuracy and predictability of human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations in determining gestational age, serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-subunit) were measured during the first 157 days after last menses. Using the regression curve generated, human chorionic gonadotropin con...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1983-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Because of donor oocyte programs, women who previously were considered too old to successfully achieve conception and delivery can now bear children. To our knowledge, there have been no previous reports of pregnancy outcome in women over age 50 who conceived using donor oocytes. This study presents the preg...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine whether women with chorioamnionitis developed elevated serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) concentrations and, if so, whether the G-CSF crossed to the fetus. METHODS:We quantified G-CSF before, during, and after delivery and in the cord blood of 12 women with clinical chorioamnio...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0029-7844(95)00189-x
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Both herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I and HSV type 2 can cause genital herpes. Because the infection is chronic, genital herpes has become the most common sexually transmitted disease among women. The prevalence of the HSV-2 antibody among women in the United States is 26%, although genital herpes has been diagnosed ...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 指南,杂志文章,实务指引
doi:
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::For direct laparoscopic entry using a sharp and dull trocar technique, the sharp trocar is inserted with a twisting motion under constant pressure, then replaced with a dull trocar when a slight loss of resistance is felt. A slow, gradual entry into the peritoneal cavity is accomplished by twisting the dull trocar und...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0029-7844(96)00215-3
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is a common condition that affects the health of a pregnant woman and her fetus. It can diminish a woman's quality of life and also significantly contributes to health care costs and time lost from work (1, 2). Because morning sickness is common in early pregnancy, the presence of naus...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002450
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the length of the second stage of labor in relation to increasing maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) among nulliparous parturient women, and to determine whether route of delivery differs among obese, overweight, and normal-weight women reaching the second stage of labor. METHODS:We perf...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318236fbd1
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore the shared experiences of miscarriage using a qualitative analysis of social media posts on Instagram. METHODS:We performed this qualitative study by collecting text, photos, hashtags, and emoji from 200 Instagram posts on five arbitrarily selected days in 2019. Key eligibility criteria included p...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003621
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Adult-onset Still disease is a rare febrile disorder that can present for the first time during pregnancy. It is a diagnosis of exclusion with nonspecific laboratory results. Good maternal and fetal outcomes can be expected after initial diagnosis and treatment. CASE:A 21-year-old (gravida 2, para 1) at 20 ...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00065-6
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous published reports have shown that fetuses affected with Down syndrome have normal biparietal diameter (BPD), high BPD-to-femur length ratio, and shorter femur length and occipitofrontal diameter. A retrospective comparison of the BPD, occipitofrontal diameter, cephalic index, femur length, and BPD/femur lengt...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Twenty-three patients with premature uterine contractions occurring between the 27th and 35th weeks of pregnancy were treated in a prospective and randomized study with intravenous ritodrine in a 0.1 wt/vol% solution of isotonic saline (N = 12) or isotonic glucose (N = 11). The aim of the study was to record the effec...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate neonatal morbidity and maternal complication rates with delivery body mass index (BMI) 60 or greater. METHODS:This retrospective, multicenter cohort study included singleton pregnancies between 23 and 42 weeks of gestation from January 2005 to April 2016. Women with BMI 60 or greater were comp...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002316
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Postpartum hemorrhage is a common and serious complication of the third stage of labor resulting in anemia and increased morbidity in the puerperium. Administration of uterotonic drugs and suitable mechanical assistance in delivery of the placenta may significantly reduce this hazard. Ergometrine and oxytocin have bee...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:We sought to examine the costs of transferring one through five embryos per in vitro fertilization cycle from each of three perspectives: society, the infertile couple, and the insurer. METHODS:Data from the 2003 Assisted Reproductive Technology Report was used to create Markov decision analytic models strat...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000230534.54078.b3
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have reviewed the family histories of children with neural tube defects to determine which relatives are at sufficient risk to be offered amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. The recurrence risks for sibs was 6%; therefore, women with one affected child should be made aware of the availability of this test for mon...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess pregnancy outcomes at 40, 41, and 42 weeks' gestation when labor induction is done routinely at 42 but not 41 weeks. METHODS:We reviewed all singleton pregnancies delivered at 40 or more weeks' gestation between 1988 and 1998 at Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Texas. We excluded women with hype...
journal_title:Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(00)00862-0
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00