Abstract：
:Structures of RT and its complexes combined with biochemical and clinical data help in illuminating the molecular mechanisms of different drug-resistance mutations. The NRTI drugs that are used in combinations have different primary mutation sites. RT mutations that confer resistance to one drug can be hypersensitive to another RT drug. Structure of an RT-DNA-nevirapine complex revealed how NNRTI binding forbids RT from forming a polymerase competent complex. Collective knowledge about various mechanisms of drug resistance by RT has broader implications for understanding and targeting drug resistance in general. In Part 1, we discussed the role of RT in developing HIV-1 drug resistance, structural and functional states of RT, and the nucleoside/nucleotide analog (NRTI) and non-nucleoside (NNRTI) drugs used in treating HIV-1 infections. In this part, we discuss structural understanding of various mechanisms by which RT confers antiviral drug resistance.
journal_name
Curr Opin Viroljournal_title
Current opinion in virologyauthors
Das K,Arnold Edoi
10.1016/j.coviro.2013.03.014subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-04-01 00:00:00pages
119-28issue
2eissn
1879-6257issn
1879-6265pii
S1879-6257(13)00038-2journal_volume
3pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Memory T cells are an important component of the adaptive immune response. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a recently described subset of memory T cells that reside in peripheral tissues and are maintained independently of circulating subsets of memory T cells. Importantly, TRM are frequently found in barrier...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.001
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the hepatitis B and C virus (HBV, HCV) and certain strains of the rodent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) establish a state of persisting viral replication. This occurs besides strong adoptive immune responses and the induction of large numbers of acti...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.002
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three integrase strand transfer inhibitors have now been approved for the treatment of HIV infection, raltegravir, cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir, and dolutegravir. Each of these agents selects for unique signature mutations; however, there can be significant cross resistance among all three drugs when multiple mutat...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2014.07.006
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evolution has equipped plants with defense mechanisms to counterattack virus infections. However, some viruses have acquired the capacity to escape these defense barriers. In their combats, plants use mechanisms such as antiviral RNA silencing that viruses fight against using silencing-repressors. Plants could also re...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2015.12.001
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A model is described that predicts patterns of polyomavirus SV40 infections and associated cancers in humans. The model proposes that SV40 infections were established in humans primarily by exposure to contaminated oral poliovaccines and that infections persist today in geographic regions where poor sanitation or livi...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2012.06.004
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provide an increasingly important avenue for detecting known viruses, and for discovering novel viruses present in clinical or environmental samples. Several computational pipelines capable of identifying and classifying viral sequences in NGS data have been developed and ...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2019.07.010
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Positive strand RNA viruses cause membrane modifications which are microenvironments or larger intracellular compartments, also called 'viroplasms'. These compartments serve to concentrate virus and host factors needed to produce new genomes. Forming these replication sites often involves virus induced membrane synthe...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2011.09.009
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Morbilliviruses are pathogens of humans and other animals. Live attenuated morbillivirus vaccines have been used to end endemic transmission of measles virus (MV) in many parts of the developed world and to eradicate rinderpest virus. Entry is mediated by two different receptors which govern virus lymphotropism and ep...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.019
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The central nervous system (CNS) is an immunologically specialized organ where restrictive barrier structures protect the parenchyma from inflammation and infection. This protection is important in preventing damage to non-renewable resident cell populations, such as neurons, responsible for functions ranging from exe...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2017.12.003
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Coronaviruses are positive stranded RNA viruses that cause respiratory, enteric and central nervous system diseases in many species, including humans. Until recently, the relatively low burden of disease in humans caused by few of these viruses impeded the development of coronavirus specific therapeutics. However, the...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2014.06.002
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We compare the design, mechanism of action, and clinical efficacy of two recently licensed paradigm shifting vaccines. Zostavax is the first vaccine licensed to prevent disease in patients already infected with a pathogen, and is contrasted with Gardasil and Cervarix, the first vaccines designed and licensed specifica...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2011.07.007
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The direct electron detector has revolutionized electron cryo-microscopy (CryoEM). Icosahedral virus structures are routinely produced at 4Å resolution or better and the approach has largely displaced virus crystallography, as it requires less material, less purity and often produces a structure more rapidly. Largely ...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2016.02.011
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Once considered an inevitable consequence of HIV treatment, drug resistance is declining. This decline supports the hypothesis that antiretroviral therapy can arrest replication and prevent the evolution of resistance. Further support comes from excellent clinical outcomes, the failure of treatment intensification to ...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2013.08.007
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent technological advances have led to an explosion in the system-wide profiling of biological processes in the study of herpesvirus biology, herein referred to as '-omics'. In many cases these approaches have revealed novel virus-induced changes to host cell biology that can be targeted with new antiviral therapeu...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2014.09.021
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A common characteristic of virus capsids is icosahedral symmetry, yet these highly symmetric structures can display asymmetric features within their virions and undergo asymmetric dynamics. The fields of structural and computational biology have entered a new realm in the investigation of virus infection mechanisms, w...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2020.06.002
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks globally. Several lines of evidence indicate that noroviruses can antagonize or evade host immune responses, including the absence of long-lasting immunity elicited during a primary norovirus exposure and the ability of noroviruses to establish prolonged inf...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2015.11.005
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a prototypical response to an acute viral infection it would be expected that the adaptive immune response would eliminate all virally infected cells within a few weeks of infection. However many (non-retrovirus) RNA viruses can establish 'within host' persistent infections that occasionally lead to chronic or reac...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.001
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Measles caused an estimated minimum of one million fatalities annually before vaccination. Outstanding progress towards controlling the virus has been made since the measles vaccine was introduced, but reduction of measles case-fatalities has stalled at around 100,000 annually for the last decade and a 2019 resurgence...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.007
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Productive virus infection depends upon delivery of viral genomic material into the host cell cytoplasm. The tails of bacteriophages recognize host cells and mediate host cell wall and membrane penetration. Recent cryo-electron microscopy studies have revealed near atomic-resolutions structures of the entire or almost...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2020.09.002
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of new vaccines are being developed against microbial pathogens that might be used as bioweapons. For some of these vaccines, because of the lack of endemic disease and the lethal nature of the disease, human efficacy studies would not be ethical or feasible to conduct. In such cases, a regulation, known as t...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2012.01.004
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multicomponent viral systems face specific challenges when enduring population bottlenecks. These systems can lose coding information due to the lack of co-encapsidation of all the genetic information, at least in a proportion of the capsids in a population. Moreover, bottlenecks can also impact one of the main potent...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2018.09.001
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Messenger RNAs are decorated by a cap structure, which is essential for their translation into proteins. Many viruses have developed strategies in order to cap their mRNAs. The cap is either synthetized by a subset of viral or cellular enzymes, or stolen from capped cellular mRNAs by viral endonucleases ('cap-snatchin...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2017.04.003
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, a lateral flow rapid diagnostic test (RDT) with good accuracy has been described. This test enables measles specific IgM antibody detection in serum, capillary blood and oral fluid. RDTs have the potential to transform measles surveillance by allowing real-time case confirmation outside of central/regional l...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.007
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Latent HIV reservoirs are the greatest challenge facing an HIV cure. Here, we review recent evidence supporting an important role for the host immune response, in particular HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T lymphocytes, in modulating HIV reservoirs during natural infection. These observations indicate that factors govern...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2012.08.003
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viral proteins have enabled the design of selective and efficacious treatments for viral diseases. While focus in this area has been on viral enzymes, it appears that multifunctional viral proteins may be even more susceptible to small molecule interference. As exemplified by HIV capsid, small molecule inhibitors can ...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2014.02.002
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viruses are ubiquitous parasites of cellular life forms and the most abundant biological entities on earth. The relationships between viruses and their hosts involve the continuous arms race but are by no account limited to it. Growing evidence shows that, in the course of evolution, viruses and their components are r...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.011
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Like all herpesviruses, the ability of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to establish life-long persistent infections is related to a biphasic viral lifecycle that involves latency and reactivation/lytic replication. Memory B cells serve as the EBV latency compartment where silencing of viral gene expression allows maintenance...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.017
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rotaviruses are members of the Reoviridae family of non-enveloped viruses and important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. In recent years, high-resolution structures of triple-layered rotavirus virions and the constituent proteins have provided valuable insights into functions. O...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.005
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Progress in the identification of suitable animal models for human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A and HHV-6B infections has been slow. Recently, new models have been established, mainly for HHV-6A, which reproduce some pathological features seen in humans. Neuroinflammatory signs were observed in infected marmosets and CD46-tra...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2014.09.012
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vaccines are the gold standard for the control and prevention of infectious diseases, but a number of important human diseases remain challenging targets for vaccine development. An influenza vaccine that confers broad spectrum, long-term protection remains elusive. Several broadly neutralizing antibodies have been id...
journal_title：Current opinion in virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.005
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
