Abstract:
OBJECTIVE:In the last decades, several cognitive-enhancing drugs have been sold onto the drug market. Methylphenidate and analogs represent a sub-class of these new psychoactive substances (NPS). We aimed to review the use and misuse of methylphenidate and analogs, and the risk associated. Moreover, we exhaustively reviewed the scientific data on the most recent methylphenidate analogs (methylphenidate and ethylphenidate excluded). MATERIALS AND METHODS:Literature search was performed on methylphenidate and analogs, using specialized search engines accessing scientific databases. Additional reports were retrieved from international agencies, institutional websites, and drug user forums. RESULTS:Methylphenidate/Ritalin has been used for decades to treat attention deficit disorders and narcolepsy. More recently, it has been used as a cognitive enhancer and a recreational drug. Acute intoxications and fatalities involving methylphenidate were reported. Methylphenidate was scheduled as an illegal drug in many countries, but NPS circumventing the ban and mimicking the psychostimulant effects of methylphenidate started being available: ethylphenidate, 3,4-dichloromethylphenidate, 3,4-dichloroethylphenidate, 4-fluoromethylphenidate, 4-fluoroethylphenidate, methylnaphthidate, ethylnaphthidate, isopropylphenidate, propylphenidate, 4-methylmethylphenidate, and N-benzylethylphenidate have been available in the past few years. Only little data is currently available for these substances. Many intoxications involving methylphenidate analogs were reported. To date, ethylphenidate was involved in 28 fatalities, although it was reportedly directly related to the cause of death in only 7 cases; 3,4-dichloroethylphenidate was involved in 1 death. CONCLUSIONS:The rapid expansion of methylphenidate analogs onto the drug market in the past few years makes likely the occurrence of intoxications and fatalities in the next years. Careful monitoring and systematic control of methylphenidate analogs should be undertaken to reduce the uprising threat, and education efforts should be made among high-risk populations.
journal_name
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Scijournal_title
European review for medical and pharmacological sciencesauthors
Carlier J,Giorgetti R,Varì MR,Pirani F,Ricci G,Busardò FPdoi
10.26355/eurrev_201901_16741subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-01-01 00:00:00pages
3-15issue
1eissn
1128-3602issn
2284-0729journal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) and its mechanism in osteoblast mineralization. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Northern Blot, and Western Blot were used to identify the expression mode of regulators. Overexpression and down-regulation experiments were carried o...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_201806_15246
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIM OF STUDY:To evaluate the prevalence of latex allergy in a population of children with spina bifida (SB) and to assess the role of early exposure to latex products and others risk factors. INTRODUCTION:SB is related with an higher incidence of latex allergic reactions. These patients received repeated surgical proc...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To study the expression, roles, and clinical significance of Brahma (BRM) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) in the thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection. PATIENTS ND METHODS:Arterial specimens from 20 cases of thoracic aortic dissection and 38 cases of thoracic aortic aneurysm, as well as normal...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between disease severity and biochemical parameters such as pentraxin3, CRP, fetuin-A, insulin and HOMA-IR levels in patients with psoriasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS:This study included 58 patients with psoriasis and 30 healthy controls admitted to An...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the influence of procyanidins on the impairment of memory. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Thirty male C57bl/6 mice were divided into five groups: low, middle, and high concentration, model, and control groups. Intracerebroventricular injection of β-amyloid25-35 in C57bl/6 mice caused an impairment of l...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to detect the expression of microRNA-378 in OSCC, and further studies its effects on clinicopathology and prognosis of OSCC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS:Real-Time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression levels of microRNA-378 in 96 pairs of OSCC t...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_201907_18437
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has widely spread all over the world and seriously threatened people's health. This disease is currently diagnosed by clinical features, chest computed tomography (CT) scan, and nucleic acid test of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Recently, some studi...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_202006_21709
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Metastatic melanoma, which is refractory to therapies, is one of the most aggressive types in skin cancers. microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as novel molecules which have therapeutic effects on melanoma. This study focused on the roles and mechanisms of miR-200a in melanoma progression. PATIENTS AND ...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_201908_18740
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common cancer with high incidence in Southern China. Taxol is one of the first-line chemotherapeutic drugs for treating NPC; however, Taxol resistance has become the main difficulty for clinical treatment and the mechanisms remain not fully understood. In this study, we mai...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_202101_24375
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inositol is a physiological compound belonging to the sugar family. The two inositol stereoisomers, myo-inositol and D-chiroinositol are the two main stereisomers present in our body. Myo-inositol is the precursor of inositol triphosphate, a second messenger regulating many hormones such as TSH, FSH and insulin. D-chi...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The aim of the study is to explore the potential familial hypercholesterolemia markers by comparing with healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We downloaded the gene expression profile GSE13985 from Gene Expression Omnibus database including five patients diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) an...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To study the mechanism of lncRNA GAS5 affecting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion of breast cancer cells by regulating miR-216b. PATIENTS AND METHODS:Quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expressions of GAS5 and miR-216b in breast cancer and paracancer...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_202005_21176
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Vaginal atrophy is a chronic, progressive medical condition that affects fifty percent of postmenopausal women, causing symptoms like dyspareunia, vaginal dryness, and vaginal irritation. Until recently, the only prescription options were systemic and vaginal estrogen therapies that might be limited by concer...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by local inflammation. Secretory phospholipases A-II (sPLA2-II) have been implicated in triggering AP, but their exact role to evoke AP is largely unknown. NF-kB activation has previously been shown to induce acute pancreatitis....
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:This study aims to survey medical staff's acceptance of online Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) during the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (NCP), and to know some information of physical and emotional response of those medical staff who worked at the forefront of COVID-19, through the playback amount of ...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_202010_23451
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Many pharmacological activities have been reported for Feijoa sellowiana. The aim of present study was to investigate antidepressant activities of its leaf and fruit extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Antidepressant activities of methanolic extracts were evaluated by modified forced swimming test (FST) and tail...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Atherosclerosis leads to increased arterial resistance through thickening and stiffening of the arterial wall, a phenomenon largely known as arterial stiffness. M-mode propagation velocity of the descending thoracic aorta, named aortic velocity propagation (AVP) is a novel method for the measurement of the ao...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of hospitalization and mortality in many industrialized countries. We analysed the diagnostic accuracy of multi-detector row spiral computed tomography (MDCT) in determining mid- to high-grade coronary artery stenoses (> 50%). METHODS:Sixty-nine patient...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Anal stenosis is a common proctologic disease often caused from hemorrhoids surgery. Treatments adopted are many and varied. In this study we applied radiofrequencies to the classic Y-V anoplasty operation and reported results obtained. METHODS:Eligibility criteria consisted of patients affected by anal ste...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00467 was found to be upregulated in glioma tissues by analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. This study aims to uncover the biological role of LINC00467 in influencing the progression of glioma and to provide novel directions for clinical treatment of glioma. PAT...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_202001_20057
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to observe the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in myocardial tissue and the concentration of serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in myocardial remodeling of Sprague-Dawley rats induced by isoproterenol (ISO) and the effects of carvedilol intervention. M...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:CASE REPORT:We reported a HIV-infected patient, diagnosed as PJP with G6PD deficiency. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) is the most common opportunistic infection in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first line regimen for Pneumocystis jirove...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type:
doi:10.26355/eurrev_201812_16666
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of cerebral ischemic preconditioning which can decrease brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The focal cerebral ischemia rat was selected as the experimental model....
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_201712_14020
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Apoptosis involves in testicular germ cell loss in animals and humans, and plays an important role in male fertility. Previous studies have reported neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects of minocycline. AIM:In this study the protective effect of Minocycline on testicular germ cell apoptosis arising from...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Approximately one third of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) require surgery. AIM:Aim of this study was to assess the quality of life (QoL) of UC patients who have undergone surgery with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) or ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) compared to UC patients not operated. PATIENTS A...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Foreign bodies of the upper aerodigestive tract are common problems encountered by the otolaryngologist and general surgeons. While the diagnosis seems straightforward, it is sometimes delayed until after serious complications have occurred. The treatment of choice is endoscopic retrieval under general anesthesia. The...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To study the expression level of the long non-coding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA) KCNQ1 overlapping transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) in the patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), as well as the correlation between the expression level of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 and the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of MDS. PATIENTS AN...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_202005_21341
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The impact of pollen exposure on allergy medication is poorly characterized. We aim to study the main kind of ambient pollen in Beijing urban area and the correlation with outpatient anti-allergic prescriptions throughout one year in a tertiary hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS:With a modified volumetric trap,...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Asthma is the most common chronic airway inflammatory disease. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) exerts a crucial effect on regulating chronic inflammatory responses. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effect of SIRT1 on the pathogenesis of asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Serum level of SIRT1 in asthma patients and hea...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.26355/eurrev_201906_18085
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a revascularization technique that has been reported as having satisfactory survival rates in Hemodialysis (HD) dependent patients. AIM:The aim of this study was to determine morbidity and mortality of isolated CABG in HD-dependent patients and compare with non- ren...
journal_title:European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00