Abstract:
:Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide that acts as a natural endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and strongly stimulates the release of growth hormone from the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Previous studies have identified the important physiological effects of ghrelin on bone metabolism, such as regulating proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, independent of GH/IGF-1 axis. However, research on effects and mechanisms of ghrelin on osteoblast apoptosis is still rare. In this study, we identified expression of GHSR in MC3T3-E1 cells and determined the effects of ghrelin on the apoptosis of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and the mechanism involved. Our data demonstrated that ghrelin inhibited the apoptosis of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells induced by serum deprivation, as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and ELISA assays. Moreover, ghrelin upregulated Bcl-2 expression and downregulated Bax expression in a dose-dependent manner. Our study also showed decreased activated caspase-3 activity under the treatment of ghrelin. Further study suggested that ghrelin stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. Pretreatment of cells with the ERK inhibitor PD98059, PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and GHSR-siRNA blocked the ghrelin-induced activation of ERK and AKT, respectively; however, ghrelin did not stimulate the phosphorylation of p38 or JNK. PD90859, LY294002 and GHSR-siRNA attenuated the anti-apoptosis effect of ghrelin in MC3T3-E1 cells. In conclusion, ghrelin inhibits the apoptosis of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells induced by serum deprivation, which may be mediated by activating the GHSR/ERK and GHSR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
journal_name
Toxicol Appl Pharmacoljournal_title
Toxicology and applied pharmacologyauthors
Liang QH,Liu Y,Wu SS,Cui RR,Yuan LQ,Liao EYdoi
10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.018subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-11-01 00:00:00pages
591-7issue
3eissn
0041-008Xissn
1096-0333pii
S0041-008X(13)00327-Xjournal_volume
272pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Earlier, we reported that chronic cadmium (Cd)-exposure to prostate epithelial (RWPE-1) cells causes defective autophagy, which leads to the transformation of a malignant phenotype in both in vitro and in vivo models. However, the upstream events responsible for defective autophagy are yet to be delineated. The presen...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2019.04.012
更新日期:2019-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::The correlation among hyperammonemia, brain neutral amino acid, and encephalopathy induced by cyanide was investigated in mice. Subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg of potassium cyanide increased the levels of blood ammonia by 2.5-fold as compared to those of the corresponding controls and caused loss of consciousness i...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(89)90150-6
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the metabolism of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), fast denitration with the formation of nitrite ions and a mononitrate plays an important role. In contrast, the denitration of isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IS-5-MN) to isosorbide is very slow. Accordingly po administration of high doses of ISDN (92.5 and 236 mg/kg) in con...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(84)90258-8
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of oxygen tension, insulin, and glucagon on the preservation and induction of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme activities and contents was investigated in rat hepatocytes cultured for 4 days on crude liver membrane fractions at 4 or 13% O2. At 13% O2, three out of six immunochemically analyzed P450 isoenzymes were s...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.1994.1128
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, a redox cycling and arylating quinone; 5-100 microM) inhibited the canalicular vacuolar accumulation (CVA) of a fluorescent bile acid, cholyl-lysyl-fluorescein (CLF), in rat hepatocyte couplets. This was associated with depletion of reduced glutathione and accumulation of oxidiz...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.1996.0117
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::As an edible traditional Chinese herb, Fructus psoraleae (FP) has been widely used in Asia for the treatment of vitiligo, bone fracture and osteoporosis. Several cases on markedly elevated bilirubin and acute liver injury following administration of FP and its related proprietary medicine have been reported, but the m...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.003
更新日期:2015-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Methyl palmitate (MP) has been shown earlier to inhibit Kupffer cells and rat peritoneal macrophages. To evaluate the potential of MP to inhibit the activation of other macrophages, RAW cells (macrophages of alveolar origin) were treated with varying concentrations of MP (0.25, 0.5, 1mM). Assessment of cytotoxicity us...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.04.016
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Improvement of COVID-19 clinical condition was seen in studies where combination of antiretroviral drugs, lopinavir and ritonavir, as well as immunomodulant antimalaric, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine together with the macrolide-type antibiotic, azithromycin, was used for patient's treatment. Although these drugs are ...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115237
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) induces inflammatory signaling characterized by MAP kinase-mediated activation of NFkB and AP-1 in vitro and in bronchial biopsies obtained from human subjects exposed to DEP. NFkB and AP-1 activation results in the upregulation of genes involved in promoting inflammation in ...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.011
更新日期:2010-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Acetaminophen (N-Acetyl-p-Aminophenol or APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Western Europe. Previous studies have shown that TGFβ1 is elevated during APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and promotes liver injury by reducing liver regeneration while inducing he...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115323
更新日期:2020-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Subchronic and chronic studies in rats of the gasoline oxygenates ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) and tert-butanol (TBA) report similar noncancer kidney and liver effects but differing results with respect to kidney and liver tumors. Because TBA is a major metabolite of ETBE, it is possible that TBA is the active toxic ...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2015.08.015
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epidemiological studies indicated that people exposed to dioxins were prone to the development of lung diseases including lung cancer. Animal studies demonstrated that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increased liver tumors and promoted lung metaplasia in females. Metabolic changes in 17beta-estradiol (E(2))...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2007.01.024
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tetrandrine, an herbal drug, has been employed in China to treat pulmonary fibrosis. To date, the mechanisms governing the antifibrotic action of tetrandrine are unknown. The present study employs a fibroblast mitogenic assay to determine whether tetrandrine directly inhibits the ability of fibroblasts to respond to s...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.1993.1173
更新日期:1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::While the physiologic and molecular effects of capsaicinoids have been extensively studied in various model systems by a variety of administration routes, little is known about the uptake and elimination kinetic profiles in human skin following topical exposure. The present study evaluated the uptake and elimination k...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2004.03.019
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, SM] is a well-known DNA-damaging agent that has been used in chemical warfare since World War I, and is a weapon that could potentially be used in a terrorist attack on a civilian population. Dermal exposure to high concentrations of SM produces severe, long-lasting burns. To...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.010
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Excessive fetal glucocorticoid exposure has been linked to increased susceptibility to hypertension and cardiac diseases in the adult life, a process called fetal programming. The cardiac contribution to the hypertensive phenotype of glucocorticoid-programmed progeny is less known, therefore, we investigated in vitro ...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.002
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been proposed [J. D. McKinney, J. Fawkes, S. Jordan, K. Chae, S. Oatley, R. E. Coleman, and W. Briner (1985). Environ. Health Perspect. 61, 41-53] that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produces toxic responses through persistent occupancy of nuclear thyroxine (T4) receptors, and that maintenance of re...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(87)90144-x
更新日期:1987-09-30 00:00:00
abstract::Two hours after a four-hour exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer (HDIt) aerosol between 2.5 and 39 mg/m3, mice were injected iv with 51Cr-EDTA (chromium ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Ten minutes later the lung was lavaged. A larger amount of 51Cr-EDTA was detected in the lung lavage of HDIt mice than of contr...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(83)90269-7
更新日期:1983-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The kidneys are the primary organ for the accumulation and toxicity of inorganic mercury. In these studies the molecular response of precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices to low levels of inorganic mercury was examined. Cortical slices (275 microm) were obtained from 1.0 kg NZW rabbits and exposed to mercuric chl...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.1999.8772
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diurnal patterns of feeding, drinking, locomotor activity, and rearing in male Fischer-344 rats were examined for 2 weeks after a single oral dose of trimethyltin chloride (TMT) at 0, 3, 5, or 7 mg/kg. Body weights and feeding and drinking efficiency ratios (ratios of amount of food or water consumed per unit effort) ...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(85)90375-8
更新日期:1985-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::The carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection method was used to predict the probability of carcinogenicity of methyl isocyanate (MIC) based upon the results of short-term tests. The analysis predicts that MIC has a significant potential for inducing cancer in rodents. However, the pattern of response suggests ...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(87)90073-1
更新日期:1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is potentially an important source of cellular oxidative stress. Human HOCl exposure can occur from chlorine gas inhalation or from endogenous sources of HOCl, such as respiratory burst by phagocytes. Transcription factor Nrf2 is a key regulator of cellular redox status and serves as a primary...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.007
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spontaneous activity represents an early, primitive form of motor activity within zebrafish embryos, providing a potential readout for identification of neuroactive compounds. However, despite use as an endpoint in chemical screens around the world, the predictive power and limitations of assays relying on spontaneous...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.011
更新日期:2017-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Benzene is a potent hematotoxin and has been shown to cause leukemia in man. Chronic toxicity studies indicate that B6C3F1 mice are more susceptible than F334/N rats to benzene toxicity. The purpose of the studies presented in this paper was to determine if there were metabolic differences between F344/N rats and B6C3...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(88)90343-2
更新日期:1988-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::The female reproductive toxicity of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its active metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is attributed to suppression of ovarian granulosa cell estradiol production. In these studies, several structurally related phthalates (0-200 microM) and Wy-14,643 (0-100 microM) were compared...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.2001.9156
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inhalation of dust from hard metal (HM), a mixture of tungsten carbide, cobalt, and other metals, can cause interstitial alveolitis, fibrosis, and asthma in the workplace. Some effects of HM could occur after the metals dissolve in the lung. We examined whether chloride salts of metals in HM alloys can elicit response...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.2001.9205
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organic chemicals such as jet fuels and solvents can cause skin irritation after dermal exposure. The molecular responses to these chemicals resulting in acute irritation are not understood well enough to establish safe exposure limits. Male F-344 rats were dermally exposed to JP-8 jet fuel for 1 h using Hill Top Cham...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.2001.9248
更新日期:2001-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::The possibility that acetaldehyde accumulation potentiates the acute toxicity of ethanol was studied by pretreating rats with cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor. At 30 min after administration of ethanol (7 to 9 g/kg, po), the levels of acetaldehyde in femoral venous blood of cyanamide-treated rats were in...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(83)90186-2
更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model describing transfer of inhaled tetrachloroethylene (PCE) into breast milk with the consequent exposure of the nursing pups was developed and validated in lactating rats. The PBPK model was based on partition coefficients (PCs), which were determined by the equilibra...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/taap.1994.1068
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dantrolene is an effective antagonist of anesthesia-induced malignant hyperthermia due to a poorly understood action on skeletal muscle. The present study examines whether the red blood cell can be used as a model to investigate the mechanism of dantrolene action. Halothane (4.7 mM) caused 9% hemolysis of red blood ce...
journal_title:Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(87)90133-5
更新日期:1987-09-30 00:00:00