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Low schoolwork engagement and schoolwork difficulties predict smoking in adolescence?

Abstract：

Background:Low academic achievement has been associated with smoking but factors behind this association are poorly known. Such factors could include schoolwork disengagement and schoolwork difficulties. To assess the extent to which they contribute to the explanation of how health inequalities emerge, we study in a longitudinal design whether these have an independent effect on smoking or whether their effect is mediated through academic achievement. Methods:Longitudinal data were collected in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland in 2011 and 2014. Participants were seventh-graders (12 - 13 years, N=9497). In the follow-up, 6534 students reported their smoking status in the ninth grade (15 - 16 years). Smoking, schoolwork behavioural engagement, i.e. participation in academic activities, and disengagement, schoolwork difficulties and cognitive competence were self-reported by adolescents. Academic achievement was obtained from the Finnish national application register on upper secondary education. A mediation analysis was executed with bootstrapped confidence intervals. Results:Higher schoolwork behavioural engagement and cognitive competence in the seventh grade predicted that adolescents were more likely not to smoke in the ninth grade (all P<0.001) while higher schoolwork disengagement and schoolwork difficulties predicted adolescents' smoking (all P<0.001). The effects were mediated through academic achievement. Conclusions:Students' behavioural disengagement with schoolwork and schoolwork difficulties are risks for smoking initiation. Their effect is mediated through poor school achievement. As smoking often continues in adulthood and poor school performance typically leads to lower education, schoolwork disengagement and difficulties in adolescence constitute potential pathways to inequalities in health.

journal_name

Eur J Public Health

journal_title

European journal of public health

authors

Minkkinen JL,Kinnunen JM,Karvonen S,Hotulainen RH,Lindfors PL,Rimpelä AH

doi

10.1093/eurpub/cky179

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2019-02-01 00:00:00

pages

44-49

issue

eissn

1101-1262

issn

1464-360X

pii

5090537

journal_volume

pub_type

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Low schoolwork engagement and schoolwork difficulties predict smoking in adolescence?