Abstract:
:The evolution of amniotes has involved major molecular innovations in the epidermis. In particular, distinct structural proteins that undergo covalent cross-linking during cornification of keratinocytes facilitate the formation of mechanically resilient superficial cell layers and help to limit water loss to the environment. Special modes of cornification generate amniote-specific skin appendages such as claws, feathers, and hair. In mammals, many protein substrates of cornification are encoded by a cluster of genes, termed the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). To provide a basis for hypotheses about the evolution of cornification proteins, we screened for homologs of the EDC in non-mammalian vertebrates. By comparative genomics, de novo gene prediction and gene expression analyses, we show that, in contrast to fish and amphibians, the chicken and the green anole lizard have EDC homologs comprising genes that are specifically expressed in the epidermis and in skin appendages. Our data suggest that an important component of the cornified protein envelope of mammalian keratinocytes, that is, loricrin, has originated in a common ancestor of modern amniotes, perhaps during the acquisition of a fully terrestrial lifestyle. Moreover, we provide evidence that the sauropsid-specific beta-keratins have evolved as a subclass of EDC genes. Based on the comprehensive characterization of the arrangement, exon-intron structures and conserved sequence elements of EDC genes, we propose new scenarios for the evolutionary origin of epidermal barrier proteins via fusion of neighboring S100A and peptidoglycan recognition protein genes, subsequent loss of exons and highly divergent sequence evolution.
journal_name
Mol Biol Evoljournal_title
Molecular biology and evolutionauthors
Strasser B,Mlitz V,Hermann M,Rice RH,Eigenheer RA,Alibardi L,Tschachler E,Eckhart Ldoi
10.1093/molbev/msu251subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-12-01 00:00:00pages
3194-205issue
12eissn
0737-4038issn
1537-1719pii
msu251journal_volume
31pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Heterotachy is a general term to describe positions that evolve at different rates in different lineages. Heterotachy also can generally be viewed as multivariate rates-across-sites variation, which can be described as randomly drawing rates (or branch lengths) from a multivariate distribution for each branch at each ...
journal_title:Molecular biology and evolution
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