Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Panax ginseng is a traditional herb used for medicinal purposes in eastern Asia. P. ginseng contains various ginsenosides with pharmacological effects. In this study, floralginsenoside A (FGA), ginsenoside Rd (GRD), and ginsenoside Re (GRE) were purified from P. ginseng berry. METHODS:Chemical structures of FGA, GRD, and GRE were determined based on spectroscopic methods, including fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, ID-nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared spectroscopy. Inhibitory activities of these compounds on melanogenesis were studied by measuring the expression of protein and melanin content in the melan-a cell line. This inhibitory activity was confirmed by observing pigmentation and tyrosinase activities of zebrafish. RESULTS:GRD, GRE, and FGA were not cytotoxic at concentrations less than 20μM, 80μM, and 160μM in melan-a cells, respectively. GRD, GRE, and FGA inhibited melanin biosynthesis in melan-a cells by 15.2%, 22.9%, and 23.9% at 20μM, 80μM, and 160μM, respectively. FGA was observed to display the most potent inhibitory effect. In addition, FGA decreased microphthalmia-associated transcription factor protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, FGA induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation level in melan-a cells. In addition, melanin pigment content and tyrosinase activity in zebrafish treated with FGA at160μM were reduced. CONCLUSION:FGA showed the most potent inhibition of melanogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This study suggests that FGA purified from P. ginseng may be an effective melanogenesis inhibitor.
journal_name
J Ginseng Resjournal_title
Journal of ginseng researchauthors
Lee DY,Lee J,Jeong YT,Byun GH,Kim JHdoi
10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-10-01 00:00:00pages
602-607issue
4eissn
1226-8453issn
2093-4947pii
S1226-8453(16)30068-9journal_volume
41pub_type
杂志文章abstract：Background:Ginsenosides are known as the principal pharmacological active constituents in Panax medicinal plants such as Asian ginseng, American ginseng, and Notoginseng. Some ginsenosides, especially the 20(R) isomers, are found in trace amounts in natural sources and are difficult to chemically synthesize. The presen...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2017.09.005
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Longevity in medicine can be defined as a long life without mental or physical deficits. This can be prevented by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current conventional AD treatments only alleviate the symptoms without reversing AD progression. Recent studies demonstrated that Panax ginseng extract improves AD symptoms in pat...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.008
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Roles of immune reaction and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) have widely been established in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). METHODS:We evaluated the biologic efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), urushiol, and probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus acidophilus R0052) in...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2014.04.002
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Panax ginseng Meyer has been used as a nourishing edible herb in East Asia for thousands of years. 25-OH-PPT was first discovered as a natural rare triterpenoid saponin in ginseng stems and leaves by our group. Research found that it showed strong inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phos...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.002
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A quick and simple method for simultaneous determination of the 30 ginsenosides (ginsenoside Ro, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(R)-Rg2, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, 20(R)-Rh2, F1, F2, F4, Ra1, Rg6, Rh4, Rk3, Rg5, Rk1, Rb3, Rk2, Rh3, compound Y, compound K, and notoginsenoside R1) in Panax ...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5142/jgr.2013.37.457
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We previously reported that in vitro anti-platelet activity of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng (TCMG) ethanol extracts show improved efficacy when compared with commercial ginseng products such as Korean red ginseng and Panax ginseng. However, information on the anti-platelet activity of the ethyl acetate fraction fr...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5142/jgr.2011.35.4.442
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Despite the large number of studies on ginseng, pharmacological activities of ginseng seed oil (GSO) have not been established. GSO is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, mostly oleic and linoleic acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are known to exert a therapeutic effect in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)....
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.010
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disease that shows astrocyte pathology. Ginsenoside Rf (G-Rf) is a saponin found in Panax ginseng which has been used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases. We aimed to investigate antidepressant properties of G-Rf when introduced into the L-alpha-aminoadipic acid (L-AAA)...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2019.08.005
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The current typical drying methods for red ginseng are sun drying and hot-air drying. The purpose of this study was to investigate drying characteristics of red ginseng by using far-infrared drying. METHODS:The far-infrared drying tests on red ginseng were conducted at two drying stages: (1) high temperatur...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.001
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:To investigate the effect of pectinase-treated Panax ginseng (GINST) in cellular and male subfertility animal models. METHODS:Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced mouse spermatocyte GC-2spd cells were used as an in vitro model. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. For the in vivo study, GINST (200 mg/kg...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2015.08.005
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There seems to be some controversy about the effect of total ginseng saponin (TGS) on the secretion of catecholamines (CA) from the adrenal gland. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether TGS can affect the CA release in the perfused model of the adrenal medulla isolated from spontaneously hypertensive ...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.176
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) plays an anti-inflammatory role in a variety of inflammatory diseases such as gastritis, hepatitis, and colitis. However, inflammation-regulatory activity of the calyx of the P. ginseng berry has not been thoroughly evaluated. To understand whether the calyx portion of the P. g...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2017.06.003
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Ginsenoside Rg3, a derivative of steroidal saponins abundant in ginseng, has a range of effects on cancer cells, including anti-cell proliferation and anti-inflammation activity. Here, we investigate two long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), STXBP5-AS1 and RFX3-AS1, which are hypomethylated and hypermethylated in t...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2019.02.004
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Panax ginseng is a well-known immune modulator, and there is concern that its immune-enhancing effects may negatively affect patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by worsening symptoms or increasing the risk of adverse effects from other drugs. In this randomized, crossover clinical trial, we evaluated the...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.006
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Ginsenoside Rf is a ginseng saponin found only in Panax ginseng that affects lipid metabolism. It also has neuroprotective and antiinflammatory properties. We previously showed that Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) inhibited the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by hypoxia via peroxisome proliferator-activated ...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2018.11.007
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Korean red ginseng has been shown to possess a variety of biological activities. However, little is known about antiviral activity of ginsenosides of Korean red ginseng. Here, we investigated the protective effect by oral administration of various ginsenosides on the lethal infection of haemagglutinating virus of Japa...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5142/jgr.2013.37.80
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ginseng plant (Panax ginseng Meyer) has a large number of active ingredients including steroidal saponins with a dammarane skeleton as well as protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, commonly known as ginsenosides, which have antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-adipocyte, and sexual enhancing effects. Though...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5142/jgr.2013.37.261
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ocotillol-type saponins are one kind of tetracyclic triterpenoids, sharing a tetrahydrofuran ring. Natural ocotillol-type saponins have been discovered in Panax quinquefolius L., Panax japonicus, Hana mina, and Vietnamese ginseng. In recent years, the semisynthesis of 20(S/R)-ocotillol-type saponins has been reported....
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.001
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our results suggested that thermal stress can lead to activation of hippocampal cell damage and reduction of memory-associated molecules in HT22 cells. These findings also provide a part of molecular rationale for the role of ginsenoside Rg5 as a potent cognitive impairment preventive compound in blocking the initiati...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2017.02.002
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tissue fibrosis is an eventual pathologic change of numerous chronic illnesses, which is characterized by resident fibroblasts differentiation into myofibroblasts during inflammation, coupled with excessive extracellular matrix deposition in tissues, ultimately leading to failure of normal organ function. Now, there a...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.003
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Compound K (CK) is a bioactive derivative of ginsenoside Rb1 in Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng). Its biological and pharmacological activities have been studied in various disease conditions, although its immunomodulatory role in innate immunity mediated by monocytes/macrophages has been poorly understood. In...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2016.06.004
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1), the major active constituent of ginseng, improves insulin sensitivity and exerts antidiabetic effects. We tested whether the insulin-sensitizing and antidiabetic effects of G-Rb1 results from a reduction in ectopic fat accumulation, mediated by inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes. ...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2014.11.004
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is a characterized component in red ginseng widely used in Korea and China. GRh2 exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. However, its effects on Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection have not been clarifi...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.002
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Ginseng is a commonly used herbal medicine in treating various medical conditions. Chronic gut inflammation is a recognized factor for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this project, Asian ginseng berry polysaccharide preparations were used to assess their effects on CRC and related immune regul...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2018.12.010
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:The mixed-cultivation of different Panax ginseng cultivars can cause adverse effects on stability of yield and quality. K-1 is a superior cultivar with good root shape and stronger disease resistance. DNA markers mined from functional genes are clearly desirable for K-1, as they may associate with major trai...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.001
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:The reports about valuable oligosaccharides in ginseng are quite limited. There is an urgent need to develop a practical procedure to detect and analyze ginseng oligosaccharides. Methods:The oligosaccharide extracts from ginseng were permethylated by solid-phase methylation method and then were analyzed by ...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2019.08.001
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been known to possess many ginsenosides. These ginsenosides are used for curing cardiovascular problems. The present study show the protective potential of KRG against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced myocardial dysfunction, by assessing electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, and biochemica...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2019.03.002
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study compared the contents of ginsenosides depending on steaming conditions of red ginsengs to provide basic information for developing functional foods using red ginsengs. The red ginseng steamed eight times at 98℃ ranked atop the amounts of prosapogenins ever detected in red ginsengs (ginsenoside Rg2, Rg3, Rg5...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.102
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Panax ginseng is regarded as one of the best compounds for promoting health, and it has been used traditionally as a medicinal herb. Recently, Korean Red Ginseng (RG) has been shown to protect skin from aging and wrinkling; it can also relieve atopic dermatitis and allergy symptoms. This study aimed to evalu...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.006
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Radiotherapy is one of the most important modalities in cancer treatment; however, normal tissue damage is a serious concern. Drug development for the protection or reduction of normal tissue damage is therefore a clinical issue. Herein, we evaluated the protective properties of Panax ginseng Meyer and its c...
journal_title：Journal of ginseng research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jgr.2016.02.006
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
