Abstract:
:Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting in the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque. Plaque formation starts with the inflammation in fatty streaks and progresses through atheroma, atheromatous plaque, and fibroatheroma leading to development of stable plaque. Hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia are the risk factors for atherosclerosis. Inflammation, infection with viruses and bacteria, and dysregulation in the endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells leads to advanced plaque formation. Death of the cells in the intima due to inflammation results in secretion of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), alarmins (S100A8, S100A9, S100A12, and oxidized low-density lipoproteins), and infection with pathogens leads to secretion of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, and peptidoglycans. DAMPs and PAMPs further activate the inflammatory surface receptors such as TREM-1 and toll-like receptors and downstream signaling kinases and transcription factors leading to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and interferon-γ and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These mediators and cytokines along with MMPs render the plaque vulnerable for rupture leading to ischemic events. In this review, we have discussed the role of DAMPs and PAMPs in association with inflammation-mediated plaque vulnerability.
journal_name
Can J Physiol Pharmacoljournal_title
Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacologyauthors
Rai V,Agrawal DKdoi
10.1139/cjpp-2016-0664subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-10-01 00:00:00pages
1245-1253issue
10eissn
0008-4212issn
1205-7541journal_volume
95pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Muramyl peptides derived from bacterial peptidoglycan are detected intracellularly by Nod1 and Nod2, 2 members of the newly characterized nod-like receptor (NLR) family of pattern recognition molecules. In the absence of bacterial invasion into the host cytosolic compartment, it remains unclear whether muramyl peptide...
journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y06-076
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purposes of this review were twofold: to apply modern physicochemical principles to explain changes in acid-base regulation and the control of ventilation in human pregnancy; and to demonstrate the value of pregnancy as a model for the study of endocrine effects on physiological control systems. Application of P.A...
journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1139/cjpp-76-9-815
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y86-189
更新日期:1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In cultures of rat granulosa cells, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) increases 32P incorporation into both phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA). After 20 min, the level of radioactivity was three- to four-fold (p less than 0.01) above control in the PI and PA fractions, respectively. The st...
journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y85-058
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abstract::In vitro coronary artery responsiveness to angiotensin I, angiotensin II, noradrenaline, phenylephrine, BHT 920, and potassium chloride together with functional relaxation to acetylcholine was investigated in dogs with pacing-induced heart failure treated with enalapril (oral administration of 10 mg.day-1) for a mean ...
journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y92-199
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/cjpp-2016-0094
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y88-078
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y92-102
更新日期:1992-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y85-248
更新日期:1985-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y88-118
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y90-029
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/cjpp-2012-0413
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/cjpp-75-6-568
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y08-052
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y89-132
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/cjpp-2012-0197
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y82-107
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y90-019
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y85-172
更新日期:1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tension responses to ramp shortening of varying speed in whole muscle or single fibres from the plateau of an isometric tetanus, revealed at least two distinct phases. There was a fast initial drop in tension followed by a change of slope and a definite inflexion on the tension record. As the velocity of the imposed l...
journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y85-268
更新日期:1985-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microwaves may exert adverse biological effects on the cardiovascular system at the integrated system and cellular levels. However, the mechanism underlying such effects remains poorly understood. Here, we report a previously uncharacterized mechanism through which microwaves damage myocardial cells. Rats were treated...
journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
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更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Androgens have been reported to stimulate progesterone production by granulosa cells of several species, and to act synergistically with FSH in stimulation of progesterone accumulation by rat granulosa cells. Studies were undertaken to examine the effect of androgens on FSH-stimulated progesterone production in cultur...
journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1139/y84-138
更新日期:1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Physical activity and training have some potential as tools for examining immune responses to inflammation and trauma. Contributors to the present symposium review various aspects of the inflammatory process, including issues of lymphocyte recirculation and endotoxemia. They examine also the extent and nature of the i...
journal_title:Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1139/cjpp-76-5-469
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