Abstract:
:Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate the innate immune system in response to invading pathogens. Although nucleic acids are one of the principal TLR ligands, they are not inherently pathogen-specific and, thus, carry the risk of triggering autoimmunity. There are multiple unique regulatory mechanisms aimed at preventing accidental activation of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs. Recent structural studies revealed that different nucleic acid-sensing TLRs have specific modes of recognizing nucleic acids as ligands regulated by diverse regulation mechanism both at the receptor and ligand levels. This review summarizes structural knowledge on the ligand recognition and regulation mechanism by nucleic acid-sensing TLRs.
journal_name
Curr Opin Struct Bioljournal_title
Current opinion in structural biologyauthors
Shimizu Tdoi
10.1016/j.sbi.2017.05.010subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-12-01 00:00:00pages
52-59eissn
0959-440Xissn
1879-033Xpii
S0959-440X(17)30005-2journal_volume
47pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Coiled coils have a rich history in the field of protein design and engineering. Novel structures, such as the first seven-helix coiled coil, continue to provide surprises and insights. Large-scale datasets quantifying the influence of systematic mutations on coiled-coil stability are a valuable new asset to the area....
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2008.04.008
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polyketide synthases (PKSs) form a large family of multifunctional proteins involved in the biosynthesis of diverse classes of natural products. Architecturally at least three different types of PKSs have been discovered in the microbial world and recent years have revealed tremendous versatility of PKSs, both in term...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2007.08.021
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synapses are cell adhesion structures specialized for signal transmission between neurons. At the synapse, presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals of neurons are functionally connected but spatially separated and form a cleft. Membrane receptor-like cell adhesion molecules and secreted proteins in the synaptic cleft (s...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.001
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Terpenoid cyclases catalyze remarkably complex cyclization cascades that are initiated by the formation of a highly reactive carbocation in a polyisoprene substrate. Recent crystal structures of terpenoid cyclases show how these enzymes provide a template for binding and stabilizing the flexible substrate in the preci...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(98)80088-2
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The sema domain was first defined from sequence by Kolodkin and colleagues in the early 1990s, and constitutes the distinctive structural and functional element of semaphorins, their plexin receptors and the receptor tyrosine kinases MET and RON, three protein families with major roles in development, tissue regenerat...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2004.10.010
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A remarkable group of proteins challenge the notions that protein sequence determines a unique three-dimensional structure, and that membrane and soluble proteins are very distinct. The pore-forming toxins typically transform from soluble, monomeric proteins to oligomers that form transmembrane channels. Recent struct...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2006.03.008
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibody engineering has been an extremely intensive research area for many years. Recent achievements discussed in this review include: (i) significant improvements in the field of selection of antigen-specific antibody fragments on bacteriophages; (ii) new structural work, in particular using NMR; (iii) the cloning ...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0959-440x(95)80028-x
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since user-friendly atomic force microscopes came onto the market a few years ago, scientists have explored the response of many proteins to applied force. This field has now matured beyond the phenomenological with exciting recent developments, particularly with regards to research into biological questions. For exam...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2007.01.006
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::As the fundamental packing units of DNA in eukaryotes, nucleosomes play a central role in governing DNA accessibility in a variety of cellular processes. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this complex regulation has been aided by unique structural and dynamic perspectives offered by single molecule techni...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2011.11.003
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::When a protein's function cannot be experimentally determined, it can often be inferred from sequence similarity. Should this process fail, analysis of the protein structure can provide functional clues or confirm tentative functional assignments inferred from the sequence. Many structure-based approaches exist (e.g. ...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2005.04.003
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The protein folding problem can be viewed as three different problems: defining the thermodynamic folding code; devising a good computational structure prediction algorithm; and answering Levinthal's question regarding the kinetic mechanism of how proteins can fold so quickly. Once regarded as a grand challenge, prote...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2007.06.001
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Achieving the goals of structural genomics initiatives depends on the outcomes of two groups of factors: the number and distribution of experimentally determined protein structures, and our ability to assign novel proteins to known structures (fold recognition) and use them to build models (modeling). The quality of t...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2004.04.005
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The computational evaluation of protein-protein interactions will play an important role in organising the wealth of data being generated by high-throughput initiatives. Here we discuss future applications, report recent developments and identify areas requiring further investigation. Many functions have been develope...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2013.06.017
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recently determined structure of octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase has provided new insights into the functioning of this enzyme and its role in channelling energy from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. Creatine kinase, a member of the family of guanidino kinases, is structurally similar to glutamine synthe...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(97)80151-0
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The biological functions of protein molecules are intimately dependent on their conformational dynamics. This aspect is particularly evident for disordered proteins, which constitute perhaps one-third of the human proteome. Therefore, structural ensembles often offer more useful representations of proteins than indivi...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2016.12.004
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type ATPases are chemo-mechanical engines for diverse biological pathways. ABC ATPase domains act not only in ABC transporters but also in DNA mismatch, nucleotide excision and double-strand break repair enzymes, as well as in chromosome segregation. Atomic-resolution crystal structures sugg...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(03)00037-x
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein allostery is a vitally important protein function that has proven to be a vexing problem to understand at the molecular level. Allosteric communication is a hallmark of many protein functions. However, despite more than four decades of study the details regarding allosteric communication in protein systems are...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2020.05.004
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In all contemporary organisms, the active site of the ribosome--the peptidyl transferase center--catalyzes two distinct reactions, peptide bond formation between peptidyl-tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA as well as the hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA with the help of a release factor. However, when provided with appropriate substr...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2013.04.012
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Channel-forming bacterial toxins undergo a series of remarkable changes in solubility, oligomerization state, structure and dynamics during the processes of membrane binding, assembly, membrane insertion and channel formation. Recent high-resolution crystal structures of channel-forming toxins, in both water-soluble a...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(97)80123-6
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Self-compartmentalizing proteases, such as the proteasome and several prokaryotic energy-dependent proteases, are designed to act in the crowded environment of the cell. Proteins destined for degradation are recognized and unfolded by regulatory subcomplexes that invariably contain ATPase modules, before being translo...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(00)00075-0
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The X-ray structures of two prokaryotic pentameric ligand-gated ion channels have recently provided detailed insight into this important family of neurotransmitter receptors. These prokaryotic homologs share the overall architecture of their eukaryotic counterparts with conservation in functionally important residues....
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2009.07.006
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eukaryotic mRNAs contain a 5' cap structure that protects the transcript against rapid exonucleolytic degradation. The regulation of cellular mRNA levels therefore depends on a precise control of the mRNA decapping pathways. The major mRNA decapping enzyme in eukaryotic cells is Dcp2. It is regulated by interactions w...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2019.07.009
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances in neutron and X-ray sources and instrumentation, new and improved scattering techniques, and molecular biology techniques, which have permitted facile preparation of samples, have each led to new opportunities in using small-angle scattering to study the conformations and interactions of biological ma...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(97)80081-4
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::RNA motifs are directed and ordered stacked arrays of non-Watson-Crick base pairs forming distinctive foldings of the phosphodiester backbones of the interacting RNA strands. They correspond to the 'loops' - hairpin, internal and junction - that intersperse the Watson-Crick two-dimensional helices as seen in two-dimen...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(03)00076-9
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The major component of bacterial cell wall is peptidoglycan (PG), a complex polymer formed by long glycan chains cross-linked by peptide stems. PG is in constant equilibrium requiring well-orchestrated coordination between synthesis and degradation. The resulting cell-wall fragments can be recycled, act as messengers ...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2017.01.001
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, atomic models of the mammalian, fungal and the bacterial fatty acid synthases type I (FAS I) were reported. Now, a wealth of functional data, collected during the last decades, can be embedded into structural frames. But there is more, which remains to be done! Our current considerations are implicitly very ...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2013.12.004
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) play central roles in both transcription and viral genome replication. In picornaviruses, these functions are catalyzed by the virally encoded RdRP, termed 3D. Polymerase 3D also catalyzes the covalent linkage of UMP to a tyrosine on the small protein VPg. Uridylylated VPg then se...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2009.10.016
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Force can drive conformational changes in proteins, as well as modulate their stability and the affinity of their complexes, allowing a mechanical input to be converted into a biochemical output. These properties have been utilised by nature and force is now recognised to be widely used at the cellular level. The effe...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2015.02.001
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent years have seen a rapid increase in structural information on proteins implicated in bacterial pathogenesis. The different modes by which bacteria establish contact with their host tissues are exemplified by the structures of bacterial adhesins in complex with their cognate host receptor. A more detailed struct...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2004.03.004
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Histones are highly positively charged proteins that wrap our genome. Their surface properties also make them prone to nonspecific interactions and aggregation. A class of proteins known as histone chaperones is dedicated to safeguard histones by aiding their proper incorporation into nucleosomes. Histone chaperones f...
journal_title:Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2011.10.003
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00