Abstract：
:Major gaps still exist in the knowledge about leprosy, particularly with regard to how it spreads. Leprosy epidemiology remains complicated due to the specific characteristics of Mycobacterium leprae. To describe epidemiologic trends for the 21st century, the first part of this paper gives an overview of the epidemiology of leprosy, followed by past trends and the present situation of new-case detection as a proxy of the incidence. The third part, regarding predicted epidemiologic trends for the 21st century, elaborates on the main topic of this paper. With limited diagnostic tools to detect infection with M leprae, other methods are necessary to estimate trends in incidence and transmission. A computer program has been developed for modeling the transmission and control of leprosy (SIMLEP). The effect of failure to sustain early case detection beyond 2005 on leprosy incidence and case detection is shown. Important unanswered questions are whether the incubation period is contagious and how rapid close contacts of leprosy patients are infected. As long as such key questions remain unanswered, it will be difficult to estimate the impact of control strategies on the transmission of M leprae on resulting disease incidence. In the meantime we can expect that the global new-case detection trends will stay more or less stable or only decrease slightly for many years to come. There is a need of new preventive interventions to change this situation and reduce the incidence of leprosy in the 21st century.
journal_name
Clin Dermatoljournal_title
Clinics in dermatologyauthors
Schreuder PA,Noto S,Richardus JHdoi
10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.11.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-01-01 00:00:00pages
24-31issue
1eissn
0738-081Xissn
1879-1131pii
S0738-081X(15)00199-6journal_volume
34pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Personality disorders (PDs) are stable and enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that deviate from one's cultural norms and cause impairment in functionality. Patients with PDs are commonly encountered in the dermatologic setting and can be perceived by providers as "difficult." Given that PDs are chroni...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
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abstract：:Any infectious illness presenting with an eruption in a pregnant patient may be associated with an increased risk of fetal loss. The viruses that can infect the placenta during maternal infection and can be transmitted to the fetus and cause congenital disease include the rubella virus, the measles virus, the varicell...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
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doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.10.020
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abstract：:This contribution, which is somewhat of a departure from the usual format, will focus on dermatologic conditions that are consequences of the patients' choices of employment, hobby, or even other forms of recreation. Most of the cutaneous changes involve the hands and feet, and each is labeled according to the anatomi...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.09.002
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abstract：:The development of immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of both solid and hematologic malignancies. As immunomodulatory therapies are employed with increasing frequency, a greater number of immune-related adverse reactions are being reported, and the majority of these involve the skin. As a resul...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.06.011
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abstract：:More than 127 loci are actually known to affect pigmentation in mouse when they are mutated. From embryogenesis to transfer of melanin to the keratinocytes or melanocytes survival, any defect is able to alter the pigmentation process. Many gene mutations are now described, but the function of their product protein and...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.09.013
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abstract：:Topical corticosteroids are effective for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. The duration of treatment with mid- to high-potency formulations is limited by the well-known side effects associated with their long-term use; further, topical corticosteroids treat only the inflammation associated with the disease. Thi...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.09.004
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abstract：:Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by dry eyes (keratoconjunctivis sicca) and dry mouth (xerostomia). To fulfill diagnostic criteria, patients must have objective signs of dryness on examination and laboratory confirmation of an autoimmune process as evidenced by a positive autoanti...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.005
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Skin ulcerations may develop as a manifestation of a variety of different diseases or may result from some nondisease phenomena. Inflammatory ulcers refer specifically to those ulcerations in which inflammation is the primary pathologic process resulting in lesion formation; that is, inflammation is the cause rather t...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.09.010
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Robert Remak was the first scientist to undertake successful research on fungal skin infections. A neurologist, physiologist, and embryologist, Remak was the first to observe the fungal changes causing the disease of favus; however, he gave credit for the discovery to Professor Johann Schönlein and denied all attempts...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.11.002
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) are uncommon but extremely serious and often life-threatening mucocutaneous reactions characterized by extensive epithelial sloughing and systemic symptoms. There is no effective evidence-based treatment for severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) t...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.06.020
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heinrich Koebner (1838-1904) presented in a meeting in 1872 and reported in 1877 the emergence of psoriatic lesions following trauma to healthy skin areas of patients with psoriasis. Since then, the Koebner phenomenon has been the subject of research, as it offers a unique opportunity in the investigation of the disea...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.012
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abstract：:There are numerous barriers to conducting clinical research in pregnancy, including ethical considerations, logistical difficulties, and federal regulations. Due to these challenges, there is a paucity of data on the safe and appropriate use of dermatologic therapies in pregnancy, even for easily accessed over-the-cou...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.014
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abstract：:Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is mediated by elements of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Its characteristic features in the skin consist of inflammatory changes in both dermis and epidermis, with abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation. Despite the elucidation of many aspect...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.08.016
更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.04.006
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.10.001
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The introduction of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been an important development in the management of malignant melanoma. Lymph nodes have long been known to play a key role in melanoma metastasis. The importance of nodal staging accounted for the previous surgical practice of elective lymph node dissection (EL...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.12.011
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the development of laboratory methods, dermatological symptoms are a basic index of the presence and physical course of HIV infection. HIV infection usually undergoes a long latent period, proceeds to a period of immunodeficiency-related symptoms, and ends in an advanced immunodeficiency state characterized by...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.07.007
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abstract：:Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, inflammatory, noninfective, nonneoplastic skin disorder, which is often associated with systemic diseases. These include inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, paraproteinaemia, or hematologic malignancy, which can be found in up to 50% of patients with some variants of ...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.01.014
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abstract：:Cutaneous zygomycosis is a fungal infection caused by zygomycetes that affects the skin. It occurs in uncontrolled diabetic patients and immunosuppressed individuals. It has 2 clinical forms: primary cutaneous zygomycosis and secondary cutaneous zygomycosis. The first is characterized by necrotic lesions and the fungu...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.09.013
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abstract：:Hand dermatitis is a common diagnosis seen in dermatologic and general practice. It can present with typical morphology, but uncommon manifestations are possible. This review reports on common and uncommon presentations of irritant and allergic hand dermatitis focusing on uncommon localizations, time course, and morph...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.01.011
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abstract：:Acne is the most common of skin diseases, being characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit. Although acne is usually straightforward to diagnose and treat, some patients have difficult or rare forms of acne. What seems to be "nonresponding acne" in a patient may be caused by another acne...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
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doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.10.005
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abstract：:Adjuvant immunosuppressive drugs are widely used to minimize corticosteroid-related adverse effects in the short-term and long-term management of cautoimmune bullous diseases. In bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris, azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil seem to be equally effective when used in combination with...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
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abstract：:Mal de Meleda is an hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma named for the Mljet Island in Croatia. The lives of those affected by this disease represent a complex situation that encompasses members of a vulnerable group. They require enlightenment and should be approached with awareness, taking into account their overall ...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.01.003
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abstract：:The cause and effect between ultraviolet light and cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is clear. In LE patients indeed, photosensitivity is one of the major diagnostic criteria of the systemic form of lupus erythematosus. This strong clinical association has led to the postulate that abnormal photosensitivity particip...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
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doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.12.017
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abstract：:Robert Koch (1843-1910) received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1905 for his studies of tuberculosis. He contributed significantly to microbiology, isolating also cholera and anthrax pathogens, and introducing several postulates in this field. In addition, he developed staining methods, as well as culturing and micros...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.10.005
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As new laser devices continue to emerge, it becomes increasingly important for the clinical dermatologist to understand the basic principles behind their operation. A fundamental understanding of how lasers interact with tissue will enable the physician to choose the most appropriate laser for a given clinical situati...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.10.019
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The most extensive investigations of treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis have been performed against L. panamensis disease in Colombia, and the relative value of regimens shown there may be instructive for disease from other areas. In Colombia, a 90-95% cure rate was achieved with three different drug regim...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0738-081x(96)00048-x
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Atopic dermatitis (AD), the most prevalent inflammatory skin disease, is characterized by robust T-cell activation. The disease has several subtypes, all having a common T helper type 2 (Th2)/Th22 polarization, but it also displays differential immune skewing, such as increased Th17/interleukin 23 skewing in the skin ...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.03.012
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lip plates are a form of body modification practiced today by several tribes in Africa and Amazonia. In 1930, the American people were introduced to lip plates in a most spectacular fashion, when the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus brought in 13 Congolese natives to star as the newest attraction in their sid...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.08.001
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Shortly after syphilis appeared in Europe at the time of Columbus' voyage to the New World, the big pox, as it was often known, became a serious issue in Russia for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Members of the Russian royal family were made aware of the disease from adolescence onward. Czar Peter the Great had...
journal_title：Clinics in dermatology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.09.002
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
