Abstract:
:Sodium channel blockers have been the mainstay of the pharmacological management of focal and generalised tonic-clonic seizures for more than 70 years. The focus of this paper will be on phenytoin, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, rufinamide, lacosamide and eslicarbazepine acetate. All these antiepileptic drugs have similar efficacy and share similar dose-dependent, adverse effect profiles, although phenytoin, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are more likely to cause idiosyncratic reactions than the others. With the exception of lamotrigine, rufinamide and lacosamide, all are enzyme inducers and most are minor teratogens; although data on teratogenicity are sparse with lacosamide and eslicarbazepine acetate. There is increasing evidence that these drugs differ mechanistically, with the newer agents, lacosamide and eslicarbazepine acetate, having their major pharmacological effect on the slow inactivation state of the sodium channel, which may be associated with better tolerability at higher dosage, although hard evidence in support of this observation is currently not available. Rufinamide is licensed only for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in children aged 4 years and above. There is a move away from using enzyme inducers, particularly phenytoin and carbamazepine, in everyday clinical practice. There seems little doubt, however, that some sodium channel blockers will have an enduring place in the management of epilepsy well into the 21st century.
journal_name
CNS Drugsjournal_title
CNS drugsauthors
Brodie MJdoi
10.1007/s40263-017-0441-0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-07-01 00:00:00pages
527-534issue
7eissn
1172-7047issn
1179-1934pii
10.1007/s40263-017-0441-0journal_volume
31pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
CNS DRUGS文献大全abstract::Statins, or 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, such as lovastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin, are cholesterol-lowering drugs used in clinical practice to prevent coronary heart disease. These drugs are generally well tolerated and have ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0135-1
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although levodopa is considered the most effective pharmacotherapy for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), chronic use is associated with motor complications, including fluctuating response and unpredictable, involuntary movements called dyskinesia. ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release (ER) capsule...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0498-4
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antipsychotic polypharmacy refers to the co-prescription of more than one antipsychotic drug for an individual patient. Surveys of prescribing in psychiatric services internationally have identified the relatively frequent and consistent use of combined antipsychotics, usually for people with established schizophrenia...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11587810-000000000-00000
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The original article can be found online. ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0561-1
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cognitive dysfunction is a major cause of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The prevalence of cognitive dysfunction is estimated at 45 to 65%. Natural history studies suggest that once cognitive dysfunction develops in a patient with MS, it is not likely to remit. Unlike physical disability in MS, c...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200216070-00002
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lacosamide (Vimpat(®)) is a functionalized amino acid available orally (as a syrup or tablet) and as an intravenous infusion. It is believed to exert its antiepileptic effect by selectively enhancing the slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Lacosamide is approved in several countries worldwide as an adj...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0123-5
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:Tianeptine is an antidepressant agent with a novel neurochemical profile. It increases serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) uptake in the brain (in contrast with most antidepressant agents) and reduces stress-induced atrophy of neuronal dendrites. Like the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200115030-00006
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Thrombolytic therapy reduces stroke size and disability by reperfusion and salvage of ischaemic penumbra. Emerging evidence suggests that retrieved penumbra may be the site of ongoing inflammatory pathology that includes extensive microglial activation. Microglial activation may be associated with excessive ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11588400-000000000-00000
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in several plants. Despite its initial use as a pharmacologically inactive emulsifier in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, several biological activities have been reported for this compound so far, including anti-tumoural, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective and...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-017-0474-4
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development of an intervention to slow or halt disease progression remains the greatest unmet therapeutic need in Parkinson's disease. Given the number of failures of various novel interventions in disease-modifying clinical trials in combination with the ever-increasing costs and lengthy processes for drug develo...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0548-y
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Topiramate is an antiepileptic drug that has a broad spectrum of antiseizure effects, which appear to be the result of several neurostabilising pharmacological mechanisms. These include blockade of ion channels, potentiation of GABA neuroinhibition and glutamate receptor antagonism at non-NMDA receptors, as well as mi...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200317130-00007
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hashimoto's encephalopathy is a term used to describe an encephalopathy of presumed autoimmune origin characterised by high titres of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies. In a similar fashion to autoimmune thyroid disease, Hashimoto's encephalopathy is more common in women than in men. It has been reported in paediatric...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200721100-00002
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Given the high heritability of the disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common among parents of children with ADHD. Parental ADHD is associated with maladaptive parenting, negative parent-child interaction patterns and a diminished response to behavioural parent training. We describe our previo...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11633910-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the relationship between the sustained pain free (SPF) and adverse event (AE) rates associated with six oral serotonin 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonists (triptans) used for the treatment of acute migraine, employing data from a previous meta-analysis (that included almotriptan, eletriptan, naratriptan, ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00023210-200721010-00006
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the efficacy and tolerability of zolmitriptan 2.5 mg oral tablet as an acute treatment for menstrual migraine attacks. METHODS:This was a two-phase, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group outpatient study (Phase I is reported here). The study was conducted at 2...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00023210-200620120-00005
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:No head-to-head clinical trials have been published comparing guanfacine extended release (GXR) and atomoxetine (ATX): two nonstimulants approved for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, other study designs or methods could be used to indirectly compare these two medicat...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0102-x
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Satisfactory management of Parkinson's disease is a challenge that requires a tailored approach for each individual. In the advanced phase of the disease, patients may experience motor complications despite optimized pharmacological therapy. Apomorphine, a short-acting D1- and D2-like receptor agonist, is the only dru...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-019-00661-z
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Duloxetine (Cymbalta) is an orally administered, selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that has been approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Based on a considerable body of evidence, duloxetine at dosages ranging from 40 to 120 mg/day was effective in the short- and lon...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200721070-00004
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews the conceptual progression in the pharmacological therapy of malignant astrocytoma (MA) over the past decade, and its future trends. It is a selective rather than an exhaustive inventory of literature citations. The experience of the Brain Tumour Cooperative Group (BTCG) and earlier phase III tria...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200115090-00005
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is diagnosed retrospectively and involves a clinical course characterized by a progressive accumulation of neurological disability, independent of relapses, following an initial relapsing-remitting (RR) phase. Our incomplete understanding of the pathological mechanisms u...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0340-9
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a prevalent and disabling disorder associated with significant co-morbidity. An increased awareness of SAD over the past two decades has given impetus to advances in the pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic treatment options for this disorder. On the basis of consistent data from ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200519050-00002
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinically relevant movement disorders are identified in 3% of patients with HIV infection seen at tertiary referral centres. In the same setting, prospective follow-up shows that 50% of patients with AIDS develop tremor, parkinsonism or other extrapyramidal features. Hemiballism-hemichorea and tremor are the most com...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200216100-00002
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in those with schizophrenia is the largest lifespan disparity in the US and is growing; adults in the US with schizophrenia die, on average, 28 years earlier than those in the general population. The rate of smoking prevalence among individuals with schizophrenia is es...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-017-0438-8
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is escalating interest in cell-based therapies to restore lost dopamine inputs in Parkinson's disease. This is based upon the rationale that implanting dopamine progenitors into the striatum can potentially improve dopamine-responsive motor symptoms. A rich body of data describing clinical trials of previous cel...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00727-3
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Statin use has been frequently associated with depressive symptoms in an older population. However, the nature of this association is uncertain in the literature. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of statin intake and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in healthy community-dwelling ol...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s40263-019-00633-3
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Loxapine is a well-established, first-generation antipsychotic agent. Loxapine inhalation powder (Adasuve(®)) was recently approved in the USA and the EU for use in the acute treatment of agitation in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Inhaled loxapine is delivered by a hand-held, single-dose, single-use...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0075-9
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Postherpetic neuralgia, which occurs most typically in older persons, is one of the most common and serious complications of herpes zoster (or shingles). It is a chronic neuropathic pain syndrome and remains one of the most difficult pain disorders to treat. Known beneficial agents include antidepressants, antiepilept...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200317110-00001
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alzheimer's disease affects nearly 5 million Americans currently and, as a result of the baby boomer cohort, is predicted to affect 14 million Americans and 22 million persons totally worldwide in just a few decades. Alzheimer's disease is present in nearly half of individuals aged 85 years. The main symptom of Alzhei...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200317090-00004
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a number of severe and disabling consequences, including chronic pain, and around 40% of patients develop persistent neuropathic pain. Pain following SCI has a detrimental impact on the patient's quality of life and is a major specific healthcare problem in its own right. Thus far, there i...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200822060-00002
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease is a disabling hypokinetic neurological movement disorder in which the aetiology is unknown in the majority of cases. Current pharmacological treatments, though effective at restoring movement, are only symptomatic and do nothing to slow disease progression. Electrophysiological, epidemiological an...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0393-9
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00