Abstract:
:Endotoxin is a type of pyrogen that can be found in Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxin can form a stable interaction with other biomolecules thus making its removal difficult especially during the production of biopharmaceutical drugs. The prevention of endotoxins from contaminating biopharmaceutical products is paramount as endotoxin contamination, even in small quantities, can result in fever, inflammation, sepsis, tissue damage and even lead to death. Highly sensitive and accurate detection of endotoxins are keys in the development of biopharmaceutical products derived from Gram-negative bacteria. It will facilitate the study of the intermolecular interaction of an endotoxin with other biomolecules, hence the selection of appropriate endotoxin removal strategies. Currently, most researchers rely on the conventional LAL-based endotoxin detection method. However, new methods have been and are being developed to overcome the problems associated with the LAL-based method. This review paper highlights the current research trends in endotoxin detection from conventional methods to newly developed biosensors. Additionally, it also provides an overview of the use of electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and docking programs in the endotoxin-protein analysis.
journal_name
Crit Rev Biotechnoljournal_title
Critical reviews in biotechnologyauthors
Dullah EC,Ongkudon CMdoi
10.3109/07388551.2016.1141393subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-03-01 00:00:00pages
251-261issue
2eissn
0738-8551issn
1549-7801journal_volume
37pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Salt-tolerant plants grow in a wide variety of saline habitats, from coastal regions, salt marshes and mudflats to inland deserts, salt flats and steppes. Halophytes living in these extreme environments have to deal with frequent changes in salinity level. This can be done by developing adaptive responses including th...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2011.630647
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The enzyme α-galactosidase (α-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.22) catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-1,6-linked galactose residues in oligosaccharides and polymeric galactomannan. The α-galactosidases are of particular interest in view of their many potential biotechnological and medical applications. These enzyme...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.794124
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid; AsA) is the major soluble antioxidant found in plants and is also an essential component of human nutrition. Although numerous biotechnological methods have been exploited to increase its yield, pressures such as commercial competition and environmental concerns make it urgent to find a new...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550701503626
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) technology has been regarded as an effective carrier-free immobilization method. This method is very attractive due to its simplicity and robustness, as well as for the possibility of using the crude enzyme extract and the opportunity to co-immobilize multiple different enzymes. Th...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.795516
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Briskly evolving phytopathogens are dire threats to our food supplies and threaten global food security. From the recent advances made toward high-throughput sequencing technologies, understanding of pathogenesis and effector biology, and plant innate immunity, translation of these means into new control tools is bein...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1134437
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Triterpenoid saponins are structurally diverse secondary metabolites. They are the main active ingredient of many medicinal plants and have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Traditional production of triterpenoid saponins, directly extracted from cultivated plants, cannot meet the rapidly growing demand of phar...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/07388551.2020.1869691
更新日期:2021-01-20 00:00:00
abstract::Biogas technology provides an alternative source of energy to fossil fuels in many parts of the world. Using local resources such as agricultural crop remains, municipal solid wastes, market wastes and animal waste, energy (biogas), and manure are derived by anaerobic digestion. The hydrolysis process, where the compl...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2011.595384
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Corynebacterium glutamicum, a Gram-positive bacterium, has been widely used for the industrial production of amino acids, such as glutamate and lysine, for decades. Due to several characteristics - its ability to secrete properly folded and functional target proteins into culture broth, its low levels of endogenous ex...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388551.2016.1206059
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::α-d-Galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.22) are enzymes employed in a number of useful bio-based applications. We have depicted a comprehensive general survey of α-d-galactosidases from different origin with special emphasis on marine example(s). The structures of natural α-galactosyl containing compounds are described. In addit...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.949618
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biosensor technology began in the 1960s to revolutionize instrumentation and measurement. Despite the glucose sensor market success that revolutionized medical diagnostics, and artificial pancreas promise currently the approval stage, the industry is reluctant to capitalize on other relevant university-produced knowle...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.790339
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Small RNAs (sRNA) are reported to play pivotal roles in the epigenetic and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression during growth, development, and stress response in plants. Recently, the involvement of two different classes of sRNAs namely, miRNAs (microRNAs), and siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) in biotic ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388551.2019.1597830
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, foods that contain omega-3 lipids have emerged as important promoters of human health. These lipids are essential for the functional development of the brain and retina, and reduction of the risk of cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases. The global market for omega-3 production, particularly docosah...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388551.2016.1213221
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of selenium (Se) in human health and diseases has been discussed in detail in several recent reviews, with the main conclusion being that selenium deficiency is recognised as a global problem which urgently needs resolution. Since selenium content in plant-based food depends on its availability from soil, the...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550802658030
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mushrooms have become increasingly important as a reliable food source. They have also been recognized as an important source of bioactive compounds of high nutritional and medicinal values. The nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides found in mushrooms play important roles in the regulation of various physiological ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388551.2017.1399102
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aerobic granules are the potential tools to develop modern wastewater treatment technologies with improved nutrient removal efficiency. These granules have several promising advantages over conventional activated sludge-based wastewater treatment processes. This technology has the potential of reducing the infrastruct...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388551.2018.1451481
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a host for therapeutic protein expression, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely utilized in the mainstream biopharmaceutical industry. Cell culture process development plays an important role in transitioning laboratory research to manufacturing. Among different mathematic tools, kinetic modeling is commonl...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/07388551.2019.1711015
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microorganisms have the tendency to accumulate at interfaces through the release of extracellular polymeric substances to form aggregates such as films or flocs. This physical association leads to different modes of interactions among cells and the subsequent development of functionally and metabolically diverse conso...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388551.2018.1451984
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heavy metals are found in their different forms in the environment. The distribution, mobility, and toxicity of metals are strongly related to these different forms. This necessitates the exploration of different methods for the remediation and speciation of heavy metals. Some direct and indirect physico-chemical meth...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388550903284462
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past few decades, a considerable attention has been focused on the microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) owing to its multifaceted properties, i.e. biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and thermo-plasticity. This article presents a critical review of the foregoing research, current trends and fut...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.913548
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nitrilases are widely distributed in nature and are able to hydrolyze nitriles into their corresponding carboxylic acids and ammonia. In industry, nitrilases have been used as green biocatalysts for the production of high value-added products. To date, biocatalysts are considered to be important alternatives to chemic...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/07388551.2020.1827367
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The beneficial effects of endophytes on plant growth are important for agricultural ecosystems because they reduce the need for fertilizers and decrease soil and water pollution while compensating for environmental perturbations. Endophytic fungi are a novel source of bioactive secondary metabolites; moreover, recentl...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.800018
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbial diversity provides an immense reservoir of functions and supports key steps in maintaining ecosystem balance through matter decomposition processes and nutrient recycling. The use of microorganisms for biomolecule production is now common, but often involves single-strain cultures. In this review, we highlig...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1100584
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cypripedium orchids have high horticultural value. The populations of most species are very geographically restricted and they are becoming increasingly rare due to the destruction of native habitats and illegal collection. Reduction of the commercial value through large-scale propagation in vitro is a preferable opti...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.841117
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Semisynthetic cephalosporins are important antibacterials in clinical practice. Semisynthetic cephalosporins are manufactured by derivatizing 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) and its desacetylated form. Microbial enzymes such as D-amino acid oxidase, glutaryl-7-ACA acylase and cephalosporin esterase are being used ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550600718630
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many reporter genes, such as gfp, gusA, and lacZ, are widely used for research into plants, animals, and microorganisms. Reporter genes, which offer high levels of sensitivity and convenience of detection, have been utilized in transgenic technology, promoter analysis, drug screening, and other areas. Directed molecul...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2011.593503
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fungal biopolymers have gained considerable attention from the scientific community for various applications due to their biological and physicochemical properties. The wide applications in several areas, especially in the food industry as a bioemulsifier and in the agricultural area as a biosurfactant, have expanded ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/07388551.2020.1805405
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbial bio-transformations of the essential trace element selenium are now recognized to occur among a wide variety of microorganisms. These transformations are used to convert this element into its assimilated form of selenocysteine, which is at the active center of a number of key enzymes, and to produce selenium...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/07388551.2020.1811199
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Triacylglycerol (TAG) serves as an energy reservoir and phospholipids as build blocks of biomembrane to support plant life. They also provide human with foods and nutrients. Multi-compartmentalized biosynthesis, trafficking or cross-membrane transport of lipid intermediates or precursors and their regulatory mechanism...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388551.2016.1212185
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is a convenient and relatively simple model for investigating the basic principles of secondary metabolism regulation. In recent years, many publications have described links between anthocyanin biosynthesis and general defense reactions in plants as well as photomorphogenesis a...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2016.1141391
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human body harbors diverse microbes, the main components include bacteria, eukaryotes and viruses. Emerging evidences show that the human microbiota is intrinsically linked with overall health. The development of next-generation sequencing provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the complex microbial comm...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.819485
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00