Abstract：
:An outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis that occurred on a ward of a Michigan hospital during February-April, 1984, was studied by bacteriophage-bacteriocin typing. Stools from the seven involved patients yielded Clostridium difficile isolates of types B1537 or Cld7;B1537. C. difficile was recovered from 31.4% of environmental cultures obtained on the ward, and the majority of isolates were types B1537 or Cld7;B1537. When the ward was disinfected with unbuffered hypochlorite (500 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine), surface contamination decreased to 21% of initial levels and the outbreak subsequently ended. Phosphate buffered hypochlorite (1,600 ppm available chlorine, pH 7.6) was even more effective; its use resulted in a 98% reduction in surface contamination. These findings suggest that environmental contamination with C. difficile is important in the epidemiology of antibiotic-associated colitis, and that hypochlorite is effective in eliminating C. difficile from the hospital environment.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Kaatz GW,Gitlin SD,Schaberg DR,Wilson KH,Kauffman CA,Seo SM,Fekety Rdoi
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114921subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1988-06-01 00:00:00pages
1289-94issue
6eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256journal_volume
127pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Case-control differences in prediagnostic serum levels of retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium are compared for 10 cancer sites in 10 study populations. For all four nutrients, the majority of results showed lower levels among persons who subsequently became cases than among controls. Low levels of beta-car...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,评审
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116264
更新日期：1992-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:There is increased recognition that determinants of health should be investigated in a life-course perspective. Retirement is a major transition in the life course and offers opportunities for changes in physical activity that may improve health in the aging population. The authors examined the effect of retirement on...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm053
更新日期：2007-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms are subject to misclassification. If ignored, such misclassification can seriously distort the estimated genotype effects on the disease or outcome of interest. Validation data (gold standard or replicated surrogates) are required to assess the degree of misclassification a...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwp243
更新日期：2009-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Whether loci that influence fasting glucose (FG) and fasting insulin (FI) levels, as identified by genome-wide association studies, modify associations of diet with FG or FI is unknown. We utilized data from 15 U.S. and European cohort studies comprising 51,289 persons without diabetes to test whether genotype and die...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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更新日期：2013-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors examined the relation of negative affect to mortality in the Religious Orders Study, a longitudinal cohort study of older persons, between 1994 and 2002. Participants were 851 Catholic clergy members without dementia at baseline (mean age, 75.4 (standard deviation, 6.9) years; 68% women). They completed st...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwg224
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To evaluate the risk of another cancer among persons who initially developed Kaposi's sarcoma, the authors used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute for the years 1973-1990. In persons under 70 years of age, 4,946 cases of Kaposi's sarcoma were obser...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117008
更新日期：1994-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The relationship of the risk of cancer and death to total serum cholesterol was studied in a random population sample from two counties of Eastern Finland. Data on total serum cholesterol were recorded between February and April 1972 for 3745 men and 4221 women aged 30 to 59 years who had no history of cancer, diabete...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113445
更新日期：1982-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although advanced parental age at one's birth has been associated with increased risk of breast and prostate cancers, few studies have examined its effect on adult-onset sporadic hematologic malignancies. The authors examined the association of parents' ages at women's births with risk of hematologic malignancies amon...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwq090
更新日期：2010-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, the authors evaluated whether the association between low educational level and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia may be explained by occupation-based socioeconomic status (SES). A cohort of 931 nondemented subjects aged > or = 75 years from the Kungsholmen Project, Stockholm, Swed...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwh018
更新日期：2004-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between maternal multivitamin use and risk for cardiac defects in the offspring, using a population-based approach. The Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control study is a population-based case-control study of infants born between 1968 and 1980 to mothers residing in met...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010291
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sibling aggregation of blood pressure has been shown in children 2 to 14 years of age. To determine the earliest age at which this finding is detectable, blood pressures were evaluated in 98 siblings from 43 black families with newborns. Variances of blood pressure scores were significantly greater among families than...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112247
更新日期：1976-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration, within its normal range, has recently been proposed as a reliable marker of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays a central pathogenic role in many metabolic and/or cardiovascular diseases, incidences of which have recently increased in South Korea. Since serum G...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwj006
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bias due to selective mortality is a potential concern in many studies and is especially relevant in cognitive aging research because cognitive impairment strongly predicts subsequent mortality. Biased estimation of the effect of an exposure on rate of cognitive decline can occur when mortality is a common effect of e...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwv451
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Geographic information systems and exploratory spatial analysis were used to describe the geographic characteristics of pilot fatality rates in 1983-1998 general aviation crashes within the continental United States. The authors plotted crash sites on a digital map; rates were computed at regular grid intersections an...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/155.5.398
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Whether risk compensation could offset the preventive effect of early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission remains unknown. Using virological and behavioral data collected 12 months after inclusion in the TEMPRANO randomized trial of early ART (Abidjan, Côte d'I...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kww127
更新日期：2016-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In November 1986, a statewide outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in Washington State was identified after a physician in an eastern Washington community hospitalized three patients with hemorrhagic colitis which progressed to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Epidemiologic investigation identified 37 c...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115653
更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Induction and latent periods are distinguishable concepts referring respectively to the period between causal action and disease initiation, and the period between disease initiation and detection. A disease cannot be characterized as having a long or short induction period, except in relation to a specific etiologic ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113189
更新日期：1981-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that physical inactivity is an important determinant of numerous chronic diseases. However, self-reported estimates of physical activity contain measurement errors responsible for attenuating relative risk estimates. A validation study conducted in 2002-2003 at the Alberta Cance...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm148
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Persons whose body fat is distributed predominantly in the abdomen compared with the hips are at increased risk of several chronic diseases. This study examined the cross-sectional relation of percent body fat, computed from skinfold thickness, and fat distribution, measured by the waist-to-hip girth ratio, to physiol...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115424
更新日期：1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since 2005, California law allowed over-the-counter (OTC) syringe sales pending local authorization. Although pharmacy sales of OTC syringes are associated with reduced injection-mediated risks and decreases in human immunodeficiency virus infection rates, little is known about the factors associated with syringe purc...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwr492
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This longitudinal study examined the mortality and cancer experience of workers at the Gulf Oil refinery located in Port Arthur, Texas. The cohort was studied over a period of 41 years, from 1937 to 1978, and consisted of 16,880 employees, with an accumulation of 406,198 person-years; 4361 deaths were observed. Emphas...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
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doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113658
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
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abstract：:A case-control study in the Côte d'Or area of France used the multistep concept of colorectal carcinogenesis to compare lifetime tobacco consumption and present alcohol consumption in patients with small adenomas (less than 1 cm, n = 154) or large adenomas (n = 208) and in polyp-free controls (n = 427). Cancer patient...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115444
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After screening out inappropriate or doubtful covariates on the basis of background knowledge, one may still be left with many potential confounders. It is then tempting to use statistical variable-selection methods to reduce the number used for adjustment. Nonetheless, there is no agreement on how selection should be...
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更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116992
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The etiology of Warthin's tumor, a benign parotid gland tumor, is unknown. Recent evidence suggests a possible relation with cigarette smoking as well as increasing incidence. We reviewed the medical record of subjects with a major salivary gland tumor newly diagnosed in Jefferson County, Alabama, from 1968 to 1989, a...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008906
更新日期：1996-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Heterogeneous exposure associations (HEAs) can be defined as differences in the association of an exposure with an outcome among subgroups that differ by a set of characteristics. In this article, we intend to foster discussion of HEAs in the epidemiologic literature and present a variant of the random forest algorith...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
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更新日期：2020-01-31 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
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更新日期：2005-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The Bangkok (Thailand) Metropolitan Administration cohort of injecting drug users (IDUs) consisted of 1,209 IDUs initially seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who were followed from 1995 to 1998 at 15 Administration drug treatment clinics. At enrollment and approximately every 4 months thereafter, part...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
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更新日期：2002-01-15 00:00:00
