Abstract:
:1. Study of memory traces in higher animals requires experimental models possessing well-localized and technically accessible memory traces--plasticity responsible for behavioral change, not dependent on control from elsewhere, and open to detailed investigation. Our purpose has been to develop such a model based on the wholly spinal, largely monosynaptic path of the spinal stretch reflex. Previous studies described operant conditioning of this reflex and of its electrical analog, the H-reflex. In this study, we sought to determine whether conditioning causes changes in the spinal cord that affect the reflex and are not dependent on continued supraspinal influence, and thus qualify as memory traces. 2. Sixteen monkeys underwent chronic conditioning of the triceps surae H-reflex. Eight were rewarded for increasing H-reflex amplitude (HR increases mode), and eight were rewarded for decreasing it (HR decreases mode). In each animal, the other leg was an internal control. Over several months of conditioning, H-reflex amplitude in the conditioned leg rose in HR increases animals and fell in HR decreases animals. H-reflex amplitude in the control leg changed little. 3. After HR increases or HR decreases conditioning, each animal was deeply anesthetized and surgically prepared. The reflex response to supramaximal dorsal root stimulation was measured from the triceps surae nerve as percent of response to supramaximal ventral root stimulation, which was the maximum possible response. Data from both legs were collected before and for up to 3 days after thoracic (T9-10) cord transection. The animal remained deeply anesthetized throughout and was killed by overdose. 4. The reflex asymmetries produced by conditioning were still present several days after transection removed supraspinal influence: reflexes of HR increases animals were significantly larger in HR increases legs than in control legs and reflexes of HR decreases animals were significantly smaller in HR decreases legs than in control legs. 5. Reflex amplitude was much greater in the control legs of anesthetized HR decreases animals than in the control legs of anesthetized HR increases animals. 6. Chronic conditioning had at least two effects on the spinal cord. The first effect, task-appropriate reflex asymmetry, was evident both in the awake behaving animal and in the anesthetized transected animal. The second effect, larger control leg reflexes in HR decreases than in HR increases animals, was evident only in the anesthetized animal. By removing supraspinal control, anesthesia and transection revealed a previously hidden effect of conditioning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
journal_name
J Neurophysioljournal_title
Journal of neurophysiologyauthors
Wolpaw JR,Lee CLdoi
10.1152/jn.1989.61.3.563subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-03-01 00:00:00pages
563-72issue
3eissn
0022-3077issn
1522-1598journal_volume
61pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Previous functional MRI studies reported neural correlates of risk and ambiguity based on behavioral economic theories. A recent study controlled for uncertainty by adding noise to information of an impending aversive event and demonstrated brain areas that did not track the degree of uncertainty: the activation peake...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/jn.00406.2009
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::CA1 inhibitory interneurons at the stratum lacunosum-moleculare and radiatum junction (LM/RAD-INs) display subthreshold membrane potential oscillations (MPOs) involving voltage-dependent Na(+) and A-type K(+) currents. LM/RAD-INs also express other voltage-gated K(+) currents, although their properties and role in MPO...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00848.2009
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Beyond being essential for long-term motor-skill development, movement repetition has immediate benefits on performance, increasing speed and accuracy of a second execution. While repetition effects have been reported for single reaching movements, it has yet to be determined whether they also occur for movement seque...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00054.2020
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. We analyzed the activity of single neurons in gustatory cortex of alert cynomolgus monkeys in response to the four basic taste stimuli and to a range of chemicals, all of which are predominantly sweet to humans. 2. We recorded taste-evoked responses from a cortical area that measured 4.0 mm in its anteroposterior e...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1993.69.2.482
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The actions of hydrogen sulfide (HS-) on membrane and synaptic properties of dorsal raphe (DR) serotonergic cells were studied in the in vitro brain stem slice preparation, using intracellular sharp microelectrode and whole-cell recording techniques. 2. Sulfide produced two reversible, concentration-dependent effec...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.81
更新日期:1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Damage to the peripheral vestibular system can result in debilitating postural, perceptual, and visual symptoms. A potential new treatment for this clinical problem is to replace some aspects of peripheral vestibular function with an implant that senses head motion and provides this information to the brain by stimula...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/jn.00601.2016
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The median nerve N20 and P22 SEP components constitute the initial response of the primary somatosensory cortex to somatosensory stimulation of the upper extremity. Knowledge of the underlying generators is important both for basic understanding of the initial sequence of cortical activation and to identify landmarks ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00116.2010
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multisite optical recording has revealed that the neural excitation wave induced by a sensory stimulation begins at a focus and propagates in the cortex. This wave is considered to be important for computation in the sensory cortex, particularly the integration of sensory information; however, the nature of this wave ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00904.2017
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The inhibitory circuits of the striatum are known to be critical for motor function, yet their contributions to Parkinsonian motor deficits are not clear. Altered firing in the globus pallidus suggests that striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN) of the direct (D1 MSN) and indirect pathway (D2 MSN) are imbalanced during d...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00382.2013
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The concept of hierarchical motor control has been viewed as a means of progressively decreasing the number of variables manipulated by each higher control level. We tested the hypothesis that turning an individual bimanual force-production task into a joint (two-participant) force-production task would lead to positi...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00313.2015
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypocretin-1 and -2 (Hcrt-1 and -2, also called orexin-A and -B) are newly identified neuropeptides synthesized by hypothalamic neurons. Defects in the Hcrt system underlie the sleep disorder narcolepsy, which is characterized by sleep fragmentation and the involuntary loss of muscle tone called cataplexy. Hcrt neuron...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00968.2002
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Many cells in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) of the monkey that represent the foveal region of the visual field discharge during pursuit eye movements. Damage to these areas produces a deficit in the maintenance of pursuit eye movements when the target towards the side of the brain with the lesion. In the prese...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1989.62.1.31
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exercise, in the form of moderate daily treadmill training following nerve transection and repair leads to enhanced axon regeneration, but its effect on functional recovery is less well known. Female rats were exercised by walking continuously, at a slow speed (10 m/min), for 1 h/day on a level treadmill, beginning 3 ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00946.2012
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist may elicit a blink reflex [hand blink reflex (HBR)] mediated by a neural circuit at brain stem level. As, in a Sherringtonian sense, the blink reflex is a defensive response, in a series of experiments we tested, in healthy volunteers, whether and how the HBR is ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00731.2011
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::While the effects of sensory feedback on bimanual tasks have been studied extensively at two ends of the motor control hierarchy, the cortical and behavioral levels, much less is known about how it affects the intermediate levels, including neural control of homologous muscle groups. We investigated the effects of som...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00269.2016
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The rostromesial agranular frontal cortex of macaque monkey (Macaca fuscata), traditionally defined as the supplementary motor area (SMA), was studied using various physiological techniques to delineate two different areas rostrocaudally. 2. Field and unitary responses to electrical stimulation of the primary motor...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1992.68.3.653
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have investigated the fundamental properties of central auditory glycinergic synapses in early postnatal development in normal and congenitally deaf (dn/dn) mice. Glycinergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were recorded using patch-clamp methods in neurons from a brain slice preparation of the ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00771.2003
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We conclude our study of the properties and the functional role of the neuromuscular transform (NMT). The NMT is an input-output relation that formalizes the processes by which patterns of motor neuron firing are transformed to muscle contractions. Because the NMT acts as a dynamic, nonlinear, and modifiable filter, t...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.2000.83.1.260
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The inferior olive is the sole source of the climbing fiber system, one of the two major afferent systems of the cerebellum; however, its exact role remains unknown. A longstanding hypothesis is that the inferior olive with its unique intrinsic rhythmic firing properties mediates motor timing. However, direct evidence...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00961.2007
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The CNS controls reproduction through pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Episodic increases in the firing rate of unidentified hypothalamic neurons have been associated with downstream markers of GnRH secretion. Whether this episodic electrical activity is intrinsic to GnRH neurons, intrinsi...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.86
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rhythmic delivery of visual stimuli evokes large-scale neuronal entrainment in the form of steady-state oscillatory field potentials. The spatiotemporal properties of stimulus drive appear to constrain the relative degrees of neuronal entrainment. Specific frequency ranges, for example, are uniquely suited for enh...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00129.2017
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The exercise pressor reflex (EPR) is generated by group III and IV muscle afferents during exercise to increase cardiovascular function. Muscle contraction is triggered by ACh, which is metabolized into choline that could serve as a signal of exercise-induced activity. We demonstrate that ACh can induce current in mus...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00035.2014
更新日期:2014-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::1. A quantitative analysis of facilitation during the kindling stimulation to the amygdala was conducted by measuring the area between the excitatory potential and the baseline in the averaged tetanic response recorded at the entorhinal cortex. The changes in facilitation were then compared with the development of ele...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1993.70.2.602
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypercapnia-induced arousal from sleep is an important protective mechanism pertinent to a number of diseases. Most notably among these are the sudden infant death syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Serotonin (5-HT) plays a significant role in hypercapnia-induced arousal. The me...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00213.2015
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Two monkeys were trained to grasp an object between the thumb and index finger and lift it to a vertical distance of 12-25 mm. Up to 12 different conditions defined by different combinations of object weights (15, 65, and 115 g) and four surface textures (oiled metal, smooth metal, fine and coarse sandpaper) were u...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1992.68.5.1867
更新日期:1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent system, which innervates cochlear outer hair cells, suppresses cochlear responses. MOC-mediated suppression includes both slow and fast components, with time courses differing by three orders of magnitude. Pharmacological studies in anesthetized guinea pigs suggest that both slo...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.3168
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We performed a whole-body mapping study of the effect of unilateral muscle vibration, eliciting spindle Ia firing, on the control of standing and walking in humans. During quiet stance, vibration applied to various muscles of the trunk-neck system and of the lower limb elicited a significant tilt in whole body postura...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00764.2006
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The GABAergic neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (nRt) provide the primary source of inhibition within the thalamus. Using physiology, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry in mice, we characterized postsynaptic developmental changes in these inhibitory projection neurons. First, at postnatal days 3-5 (P3-5), ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00905.2015
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We hypothesized that epilepsy affects the activity of the autonomic nervous system even in the absence of seizures, which should manifest as differences in heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac cycle. To test this hypothesis, we investigated ECG traces of 91 children and adolescents with generalized epilepsy and 25...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01120.2015
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spontaneous calcium oscillations in mushroom bodies of late stage pupal and adult Drosophila brains have been implicated in memory consolidation during olfactory associative learning. This study explores the cellular mechanisms regulating calcium dynamics in Kenyon cells, principal neurons in mushroom bodies. Fura-2 i...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00096.2005
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00