Abstract:
:The prospect of enhancing cognition is undoubtedly among the most exciting research questions currently bridging psychology, neuroscience, and evidence-based medicine. Yet, convincing claims in this line of work stem from designs that are prone to several shortcomings, thus threatening the credibility of training-induced cognitive enhancement. Here, we present seven pervasive statistical flaws in intervention designs: (i) lack of power; (ii) sampling error; (iii) continuous variable splits; (iv) erroneous interpretations of correlated gain scores; (v) single transfer assessments; (vi) multiple comparisons; and (vii) publication bias. Each flaw is illustrated with a Monte Carlo simulation to present its underlying mechanisms, gauge its magnitude, and discuss potential remedies. Although not restricted to training studies, these flaws are typically exacerbated in such designs, due to ubiquitous practices in data collection or data analysis. The article reviews these practices, so as to avoid common pitfalls when designing or analyzing an intervention. More generally, it is also intended as a reference for anyone interested in evaluating claims of cognitive enhancement.
journal_name
Front Hum Neuroscijournal_title
Frontiers in human neuroscienceauthors
Moreau D,Kirk IJ,Waldie KEdoi
10.3389/fnhum.2016.00153subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-04-14 00:00:00pages
153issn
1662-5161journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章abstract:INTRODUCTION:Previous studies have highlighted the advantage of using audio-visual oddball tasks (instead of unimodal ones) in order to electrophysiologically index subclinical behavioral differences. Since alexithymia is highly prevalent in the general population, we investigated whether the use of various bimodal tas...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00106
更新日期:2014-03-03 00:00:00
abstract::Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated digit somatotopy in primary somatosensory cortex (SI), and even shown that at high spatial resolution it is possible to resolve within-digit somatotopy. However, fMRI studies have failed to resolve the spatial organisation of digit represe...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00235
更新日期:2018-06-12 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of passive movement repetition frequency at 1.5-Hz and 1-Hz on changes in cerebral oxygenation and assess the temporal properties of these changes using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). No significant differences in systemic hemodynamics were observed...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00641
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abstract::Individuals with autism show difficulties in using sentence context to identify the correct meaning of ambiguous words, such as homonyms. In this study, the brain basis of sentence context effects on word understanding during reading was examined in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typical development (TD) using mag...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00267
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abstract::Acquisition of complex skills is a universal feature of human behavior that has been conceptualized as a process that starts with intense resource dependency, requires effortful cognitive control, and ends in relative automaticity on the multi-faceted task. The present study examined the effects of different theoretic...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00115
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abstract::Children born very preterm (≤32 weeks gestational age) without major intellectual or neurological impairments often express selective deficits in visual-perceptual abilities. The alterations in neurophysiological development underlying these problems, however, remain poorly understood. Recent research has indicated th...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00791
更新日期:2013-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Several observations suggest that overlearned ordinal categories (e.g., letters, numbers, weekdays, months) are processed differently than non-ordinal categories in the brain. In synesthesia, for example, anomalous perceptual experiences are most often triggered by members of ordinal categories (Rich et al., 2005; Eag...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00328
更新日期:2012-12-20 00:00:00
abstract::Observers can selectively attend to object features that are relevant for a task. However, unattended task-irrelevant features may still be processed and possibly integrated with the attended features. This study investigated the neural mechanisms for processing both task-relevant (attended) and task-irrelevant (unatt...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00193
更新日期:2013-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::Sensory feedback is critical for motor learning, and thus to neurorehabilitation after stroke. Whether enhancing sensory feedback by applying excitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the ipsilesional primary sensory cortex (IL-S1) might enhance motor learning in chronic stroke has yet to be ...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00143
更新日期:2014-03-21 00:00:00
abstract::In their attempt to define discrete subcomponents of intentionality, Brass and Haggard (2008) proposed their What, When, and Whether model (www-model) which postulates that the content, the timing and the possibility of generating an action can be partially independent both at the cognitive level and at the level of t...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00238
更新日期:2017-05-17 00:00:00
abstract::It has been demonstrated that automated locomotor training can improve walking capabilities in spinal cord-injured subjects but its effectiveness on brain damaged patients has not been well established. A possible explanation of the discordant results on the efficacy of robotic training in patients with cerebral lesio...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00146
更新日期:2011-11-23 00:00:00
abstract::This study examines with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) whether 20 min of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) has a facilitating effect on associated motor controlling regions. Trains of rPMS with a stimulus intensity of 150% of the motor thr...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00407
更新日期:2015-07-14 00:00:00
abstract::In this article, we present ideas related to three key aspects of mindfulness training: the regulation of attention via noradrenaline, the importance of working memory and its various components (particularly the central executive and episodic buffer), and the relationship of both of these to mind-wandering. These sam...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00282
更新日期:2015-05-26 00:00:00
abstract::The year 2009 marked the 100th anniversary of the publication of the famous brain map of Korbinian Brodmann. Although a "classic" guide to microanatomical parcellation of the cerebral cortex, it is - from today's state-of-the-art neuroimaging perspective - problematic to use Brodmann's map as a structural guide to fun...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00019
更新日期:2011-02-18 00:00:00
abstract::Theta activity reflects a state of rhythmic modulation of excitability at the level of single neuron membranes, within local neuronal groups and between distant nodes of a neuronal network. A wealth of evidence has shown that during theta states distant neuronal groups synchronize, forming networks of spatially confin...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00210
更新日期:2010-11-02 00:00:00
abstract::[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00098.]. ...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00125
更新日期:2019-04-09 00:00:00
abstract::Several studies have reported that, when subjects have to judge the laterality of rotated hand drawings, their judgment is automatically influenced by the biomechanical constraints of the upper limbs. The prominent account for this effect is that, in order to perform the task, subjects mentally rotate their upper limb...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00299
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have indicated that empathic traits, such as perspective taking, are associated with the levels of serotonin in the brain and with autism spectrum conditions. Inspired by the finding that the serotonin receptor 2A gene (HTR2A) modulates the availability of serotonin, this study investigated to what ex...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00575
更新日期:2015-10-23 00:00:00
abstract::Cognitive neuroscience has recently begun to extend its focus from the isolated individual mind to two or more individuals coordinating with each other. In this study we uncover a coordination of neural activity between the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) of two people-a person speaking and a person listening. The ...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00266
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) leads to nonfluent speech where the voice of a speaker is heard after a delay. Previous studies suggested the involvement of attention to auditory feedback in speech disfluency. To date, there are no studies that have revealed the relationship between attention and nonfluent speech by c...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00051
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journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.581026
更新日期:2020-11-05 00:00:00
abstract::Current research demonstrates beneficial effects of physical activity on brain functions and cognitive performance. To date, less is known on the effects of gross motor movements that do not fall into the category of sports-related aerobic or anaerobic exercise. In previous studies, we found beneficial effects of dyna...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00121
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journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00357
更新日期:2018-09-07 00:00:00
abstract::Group musical improvisation is thought to be akin to conversation, and therapeutically has been shown to be effective at improving communicativeness, sociability, creative expression, and overall psychological health. To understand these therapeutic effects, clarifying the nature of brain activity during improvisation...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00156
更新日期:2018-04-24 00:00:00
abstract::Depression occurs frequently with sleep disturbance such as insomnia. Sleep in depression is associated with disinhibition of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Despite the coincidence of the depression and sleep disturbance, neural substrate for depressive behaviors and sleep regulation remains unknown. Habenula is ...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826
更新日期:2013-12-10 00:00:00
abstract::While recent studies have explored the maintenance of the effect of meditation on stress resilience, the underlying neural mechanisms have not yet been investigated. The present study conducted a highly controlled residential study of a 4-day meditation intervention to investigate the brain functional changes and long...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00101
更新日期:2019-03-26 00:00:00
abstract::Consistent attention and proper processing of infant faces by adults are essential for infant survival. Previous behavioral studies showed gender differences in processing infant cues (e.g., crying, laughing or facial attractiveness) and more importantly, the efforts invested in nurturing offspring. The underlying neu...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00551
更新日期:2017-11-14 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between working memory capacity (WMC) and frontal theta response to memory load in Sternberg task. We show that oscillatory activity in the theta band (4-6 Hz) related to Sternberg task performance may differentiate people characterized by high and low WMC. Spe...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00399
更新日期:2014-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::[This corrects the article on p. 386 in vol. 9, PMID: 26175682.]. ...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 已发布勘误
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abstract::In the last decade, an increasing interest has arisen in investigating the relationship between the electrophysiological and hemodynamic measurements of brain activity, such as EEG and (BOLD) fMRI. In particular, changes in BOLD have been shown to be associated with changes in the spectral profile of neural activity, ...
journal_title:Frontiers in human neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00186
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