Abstract:
:Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign condition commonly found among people who smoke, have poor oral hygiene, are immunocompromised, or have a medical condition limiting their ability to practice good oral hygiene. Though this condition is harmless, patients need to be educated on etiology as many common medications are associated with this condition. Patients being placed on certain antibiotics or antipsychotics should be educated on the importance of good oral hygiene or cessation of habits that promote BHT. Similarly, those with medical conditions increasing the risk for the development of BHT should schedule routine visits with their dentist or dental hygienist. Prognosis is good, and treatment consists of gentle brushing of the tongue, but many anecdotal reports exist demonstrating the use of medications or other products to treat this condition. This review addresses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, etiology, histology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of BHT and lists all of the medications reported to cause this condition.
journal_name
Am J Clin Dermatoljournal_title
American journal of clinical dermatologyauthors
Schlager E,St Claire C,Ashack K,Khachemoune Adoi
10.1007/s40257-017-0268-ysubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-08-01 00:00:00pages
563-569issue
4eissn
1175-0561issn
1179-1888pii
10.1007/s40257-017-0268-yjournal_volume
18pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:A few studies in psoriasis vulgaris patients have reported changes suggesting red blood cell (RBC) damage is linked to neutrophil activation, oxidative stress, and psoriasis worsening. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to evaluate erythroid disturbances in Portuguese psoriasis vulgaris patients, before, d...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11592110-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tumor therapy is not a common indication for the use of lasers, as it is in the treatment of benign vascular skin lesions, since many alternative treatment modalities exist. However, certain patients may benefit from laser therapy of premalignant and malignant skin tumors. Skin tumors can be treated by laser excision,...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00128071-200102040-00004
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abstract:BACKGROUND:Dementia is a syndrome that involves the deterioration of several higher mental functions in advanced age, and psoriasis is an autoimmune disease characterized by skin plaque. Epidemiological studies have indicated an association between dementia and psoriasis; however, to date, no studies in Asia have repor...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40257-018-00420-8
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00128071-200304070-00007
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abstract::Autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBD), including pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and pemphigoid gestationis, pose significant therapeutic challenges, especially in pregnant and post-partum breastfeeding patients or those planning to conceive. Data on the safety ...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40257-018-0342-0
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11536930-000000000-00000
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40257-014-0107-3
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s40257-014-0104-6
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11530080-000000000-00000
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abstract::Mycobacterial organisms have re-emerged as an important cause of infectious disease worldwide. Both tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections remain endemic in many parts of the world and are becoming more common in patients with iatrogenic immunosuppression and HIV infection. The nontuberculous mycobac...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00128071-200910050-00001
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uncommon types of cutaneous cancers are mainly cited in the literature as case reports and their etiology, pathogenesis and prognosis have to be surmised because of their rarity. Within this group exist the rare and also the unusual, for instance a relatively common carcinoma arising in a strange circumstance. Initial...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00128071-200203020-00002
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review summarizes results from major recent trials regarding novel therapeutic agents in melanoma. The topics discussed include targeted therapy with BRAF (V-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) inhibitors (vemurafenib and dabrafenib), MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitors (trametinib),...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40257-014-0083-7
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40257-014-0110-8
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00128071-200203050-00006
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diagnosing acne is easy. However, treatment must be adapted to the type and severity of acne, and must also take into account the impact of acne on patients' quality of life. As there is not always a correlation between the severity of acne and its impact on quality of life, it can be helpful for the dermatologist to ...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00128071-200607020-00003
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0151-7
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been proposed as a treatment for toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of IVIg in TEN and SJS patients. Seventeen relevant articles (14 TEN, 3 SJS) were identif...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00128071-200708040-00007
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00128071-200506040-00003
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00128071-200304030-00001
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
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journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::Skin disorders are the most common adverse reactions attributed to drugs. Any skin disorder can be imitated, induced or aggravated by drugs. To help you keep up-to-date with the very latest skin reactions occurring with both new and established drugs, this section of the journal brings you information selected from th...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00128071-200304050-00006
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Of all the psychotropic medications currently available, the mood-stabilizing agents have the highest incidence of severe and life-threatening adverse cutaneous drug reactions (ACDRs). An exanthematous eruption in a patient treated with a mood-stabilizing agent should be viewed as possibly being the initial symptom of...
journal_title:American journal of clinical dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00