Abstract:
:When properly used, disinfection and sterilization can ensure the safe use of invasive and noninvasive medical devices. The method of disinfection and sterilization depends on the intended use of the medical device: critical items (contact sterile tissue) must be sterilized before use; semicritical items (contact mucous membranes or nonintact skin) must be high-level disinfected; and noncritical items (contact intact skin) should receive low-level disinfection. Cleaning should always precede high-level disinfection and sterilization. Current disinfection and sterilization guidelines must be strictly followed.
journal_name
Infect Dis Clin North Amjournal_title
Infectious disease clinics of North Americaauthors
Rutala WA,Weber DJdoi
10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-09-01 00:00:00pages
609-37issue
3eissn
0891-5520issn
1557-9824pii
S0891-5520(16)30022-8journal_volume
30pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Influenza is a zoonotic respiratory virus that affects birds, mammals, and humans. Influenza viruses are unique in their genetic instability, which frequently results in antigenic drift or shift. Antigenic shifts are responsible for influenza epidemics. Influenza A pandemics have been responsible for millions of death...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00095-3
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common, especially in women. Low-dose daily or postcoital antimicrobial prophylaxis is effective for prevention of recurrent UTIs and women can self-diagnose and self-treat a new UTI with antibiotics. The increasing resistance rates of Escherichia coli to antimicrobial age...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2013.10.001
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abstract::Changes that occur in the pharmacology of drugs in the elderly must be considered in the use of antimicrobial agents. Although absorption of orally administered drugs is not affected in a significant way, renal function decreases, drug-drug interactions increase, compliance with regimens may be decreased, and drug tox...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70252-x
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infections accompanying severe pancreatitis are secondary and of three types: infected pancreatic necrosis, infected pseudocyst (including peripancreatic fluid collection), and pancreatic abscess. The first is an earlier, more morbid process, with antibiotics supportive and surgical debridement necessary. The latter t...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the beginning of the epidemic, extensive research has been conducted in the field of HIV infection. Original research and subsequent meta-analyses have contributed to a better understanding of the disease. Epidemiologic research has shown, for example, that male circumcision reduces the risk of female-to-male tr...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.01.013
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::CSF evaluation is the single most important aspect of the laboratory diagnosis of meningitis. Analysis of the CSF abnormalities produced by bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal infections may greatly facilitate diagnosis and direct initial therapy. Basic studies of CSF that should be performed in all patients with men...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rapid rate of increase in reported cases of Lyme disease exceeds that of any zoonotic disease, and the annual occurrence of cases is greater than the sum of all other tick-borne illnesses in the United States. This, in addition to the geographic spread of cases to most of the United States, has greatly heightened ...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews the microbiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and recent advances in the therapy of protozoan and helminthic infections of the central nervous system, with more emphasis given to protozoan than to helminthic infections. ...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Animal models have proven to be invaluable in bridging the gap between in vitro susceptibility testing of an antibiotic and anticipating results obtained in clinical studies. Variables such as antibiotic concentration, inoculum of organism, and pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug can be carefully controlled to prov...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the preantibiotic era, deep fascial space infections were common, and physicians were well acquainted with their complex and sometimes subtle manifestations. Widespread use of antibiotics, however, not only has significantly decreased the incidence of deep neck infections but also has altered their clinical manifes...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Erythema migrans (EM) is the most common objective manifestation of Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Systemic symptoms are usually present. Most patients do not recall a preceding tick bite. Despite a characteristic appearance, EM is not pathognomonic for Lyme disease and must be distinguished from other similar appear...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The penicillins continue to be important antibiotics for the treatment and prophylaxis of many infectious diseases. The emergence of resistant microorganism has led to the development of newer penicillin compounds that have extended spectrums of antimicrobial activity. Beta-lactamase production by many pathogenic bact...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Successful antimicrobial stewardship programs rely on engagement with hospital administrators. Antimicrobial stewards should understand the unique pressures and demands of hospital and health system administration and be familiar with key terminology and regulatory requirements. This article provides guidance on strat...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2019.10.003
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Compromised travelers represent a diverse and challenging group of individuals. They include HIV-infected patients who are at risk for potentially adverse reactions to immunizations, and new exposures to enteric water-borne opportunistic pathogens associated with chronic infections. Such travelers may encounter unfami...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70010-6
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this article, gynecologic conditions of increased importance in the HIV-infected woman are discussed. Women living with HIV may have an increase in menstrual disorders, lower genital tract neoplasias, gynecologic surgery, and sexually transmitted infections. The literature relevant to choosing a method of contracep...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2008.05.006
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The identification of characteristic clinical, serologic, and immunologic responses to primary HIV infection has contributed greatly to our understanding of the natural history of HIV infection. Subjects usually present with a mononucleosis-like illness and during the period of primary infection there is a characteris...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mass gatherings have attracted the attention of the medical community because of the increased demand made on existing services and the potential for public health problems resulting from changes in population dynamics and behaviors. Crowding, lack of hygiene, and rapid population movement at mass gatherings can lead ...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.05.005
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article provides background information on the pharmacokinetics of antibacterial agents in patients who have normal and impaired renal function. Tables are provided to allow quick determination of appropriate dosages for varying degrees of renal failure. The use of serum levels; newer strategies for cefazolin, va...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.06.009
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A polyvalent vaccine has been prepared from the capsular polysaccharide of 24 different serotypes of Klebsiella spp. Nearly 200 volunteers have received this vaccine. It is very well tolerated and elicits both binding (ELISA) and functional antibody to 21 of 24 antigens. Antibodies were also detected against 10 seroty...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of meningococcal disease is at an historic low in the United States, but prevention remains a priority because of the devastating outcomes and risk for outbreaks. Available vaccines are recommended routinely for persons at increased risk for disease to protect against all major serogroups of Neisseria me...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2015.08.002
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article familiarizes the clinician with the principles of bacterial susceptibility testing and reporting to facilitate communication with the clinical microbiology laboratory. The emergence of resistance in nearly all commonly isolated bacterial organisms has highlighted the need for ongoing dialogue between the ...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2004.04.001
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diarrhea is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. The causes of acute diarrhea in children vary with the location, time of year, and population studied. There is increasing recognition of a widening array of enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal diseases. Adequate fluid ...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2005.05.003
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nature of infections after solid-organ transplantation has changed with increasingly potent immunosuppressive regimens, routine use of antimicrobial prophylaxis, and improved microbiologic diagnostic tools. New pathogens have been identified in this population including many with significant antimicrobial resistan...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2010.01.005
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Histoplasmosis is a fungus disease of nearly worldwide distribution. Because of its wide distribution and tendency to be endemic near large cities, it is the most common systemic mycosis in the United States, with an estimated 500,000 new infections per year. Although millions of persons in the United States have been...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::An overview of the mechanism of action, dosing, clinical indications, and toxicities of the glycopeptide vancomycin is provided. Emerging gram-positive bacterial resistance to antimicrobials and its mechanisms are reviewed. Strategies to control emergence of resistance are proposed. Newer antimicrobial agents with act...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2004.04.014
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Preventing traveler's diarrhea is usually a matter of common sense, good luck, and the host's ability to defend against enteric pathogens, particularly enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Untreated tap water, ice cubes, unpasteurized milk products, salads, food from street vendors, and dining in unhygienic-appearing res...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lyme disease affects the nervous system in about 10% to 15% of infected individuals, most commonly causing lymphocytic meningitis. Cranial neuropathies, particularly facial nerve palsy, also occur frequently. Figuring prominently in the European literature, but less emphasized in the United States, is painful radiculi...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.009
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The unknowns persisting in the understanding of the mode of action of anti-core lipopolysaccharide antibodies are discussed, and a study of two anti-lipid A monoclonal antibodies is reviewed. This article also critically analyzes the results of the recent clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies. ...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oral lesions are easily visualized and often are signs of systemic diseases. Clinical diagnosis of viral and fungal infections can sometimes be confusing because many lesions will have similar clinical presentations. This article reviews the more common viral- and fungal-associated lesions found in the oral cavity in ...
journal_title:Infectious disease clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70110-0
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00